IB HISTORY chapter 18-21

Chapter 18 Vocabulary

1.      Reservation system – established boundaries for the territory of each tribe and attempted to separate the Indians into two great “colonies” to the north and south of a corridor of intended white settlement.

2.      Dawes Severalty Act - authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians.

3.      Homestead Act 1862 - encouraged Western migration by providing settlers 160 acres of public land. In exchange, homesteaders paid a small filing fee and were required to complete five years of continuous residence before receiving ownership of the land. 

4.      Sodbusters – farmers in the Great Plains were called this because they had to break through the sod to plant crops.

5.      Frontier Thesis - the argument advanced by historian Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 that American democracy was formed by the American frontier. He stressed the process—the moving frontier line—and the impact it had on pioneers going through the process.

6.      Ghost Dance - sacred ceremonies the Indians performed to try and remove whites from their territories and bring back the buffalo

7.      Omaha Act of 1882 - a law that allowed the establishment of individual title to tribal lands

8.      William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody – famed buffalo hunter who created an entertainment system similar to a circus and featuring sharpshooters and various Native Americans and cowboys

9.      Forest Reserve Act of 1891 - a law that gave the president power to establish forest reserves to protect watersheds against the threats posed by lumbering, overgrazing, and forest fires?

10.   Sand Creek Massacre - the near annihilation in 1864 of Black Kettle's Cheyenne band by Colorado troops

11.   Great Sioux War - the war waged by Red Cloud against the US Army that required the US to abandon its forts

12.   Hispanic-American Alliance - the organization forced to protect and fight for the rights of Spanish Americas

13.   Edmunds Act - the law that took away the vote from those who practiced polygamy

14.   Annie Oakley - the sharpshooter known as "Little Sure Shot"

15.   Helen Hunt Jackson - one of the most influential reformers for Indian Policy

16.   Yosemite Act - the law that placed California giant sequoias under the management of the state of California

17.   John Deere - the inventor of the "singing plow" which easily turned prairie grasses under

18.   Vaqueros - the Spanish word for cowboy

19.   Barbed wire - the new technology of the time that helped contribute to the Range Wars and later the cattle bust

20.   Buffalo Soldier - the nickname given to the Black Cavalry by Native American tribes who fought in the Indian Wars

21.   Nat Love - the former slave turned legendary cowboy whose life and experiences were written about in dime novels

22.   Chief Joseph - the leader of the Nez Perce Nation

23.   Treaty of Fort Laramie – acknowledged US defeat in the Great Sioux War in 1868, supposedly guaranteeing the
Sioux perpetual land and hunting rights in SD, WY, & MT

24.   National Reclamation Act – 1902 act that added 1 million acres of irrigated land to the US

 Chapter 19 Vocabulary

Gilded Age -  a phrase that refers to a time when even though things look good on the surface, they are actually corrupt

Jane Addams -an American activist most notable for work in settlement houses

Chinese Exclusion Act - the first law that prohibited immigration based on race

Plessy v. Ferguson -a landmark constitutional law case of the US Supreme Court. It upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal"

Woodhull v Comstock - a court case that led to a law that severely restricted the reproductive rights of women

Tenement -  a substandard multi-family dwelling in the urban core, usually old and occupied by the poor

Bessemer Process - the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron

Louis Sullivan -  an American architect, and has been called the "father of skyscrapers" and "father of modernism"

Wabash Case - a Supreme Court decision that severely limited the rights of states to control interstate commerce

Sherman Act -  the first Federal act that outlawed monopolistic business practices

Thomas Edison -  the inventor know for the phonograph, alkaline storage battery, and the kinetoscope

Haymarket Affair -  the event where a bomb went off at a protest in Chicago

Alexander Graham Bell - the inventor of the telephone

Gospel of Wealth -  the idea that to whom much is given, much is expected

Knights of Labor - the labor union that included skilled and unskilled workers of any race

vertical integration -  the term for the consolidation of production of a product from start to finish

conspicuous consumption - highly visible displays of wealth

vaudeville - the variety-show tradition of entertainment that appealed to middle- and working-class

George Washington Carver - a former slave-turned-teacher who directed agricultural research at the Tuskegee Institute

Little Women -  the book by Louisa May Alcott that was popular during this time

Bicycle -  a symbol of middle-class status

Brooklyn Bridge - the thing that won acclaim as the most original American construction

Social Darwinism - the philosophy that claims that the wealthy are successful because they are the "fittest"

John D. Rockefeller - the founder of Standard Oil

American Federation of Labor – Union formed in 1886 that organized skilled workers along craft lines and emphasized a few workplace issues rather than a broad social program

 Hawai'I - a sovereign island nation in the Pacific Ocean hat later became the 50th state

Platt Amendment -  a law that listed seven conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish–American War

Cuban Insurrection -  the last of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain

Insular Cases - a series of opinions by the U.S. Supreme Court that stated that full constitutional rights do not automatically extend to all places under American control

yellow journalism - newspaper/magazine reporting based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration?

Rough Riders - a nickname given to the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry which was used during the Spanish American War

USS Maine - an American naval ship that sank in Havana Harbor during the Cuban revolt against Spain, an event that became a major political issue in the United States

the Philippines - Southeast Asian country in the Western Pacific, comprising more than 7,000 islands that was taken by Dewey during the Spanish American War

William McKinley -  an  American politician and lawyer who served as the 25th President of the United States until his assassination

Sanford Dole - the American planter who conspired to overthrow the Hawai'ian government

The Grange - a national organization of farm owners

Grandfather Clauses -  rules that required potential voters to prove that their ancestors had been eligible to vote

Joseph Pulitzer -  a newspaper owner that employed yellow journalism to sell papers

"white man's burden" - the idea that justified imperialism by saying that it is a duty to "uplift" people of color

James Garfield - the president who was assassinated by a disappointed office seeker

Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act -  a law passed to make sure that government employees were hired based on merit

Southern Farmers' Alliance - the organization that established cooperative policies for farmers

Tammany Hall - the organization that was run by Boss Tweed that controlled some politics in NYC

Women's Christian Temperance Union -  an organization whose members visited schools and prisons to educate people about  the evils of alcohol

Grover Cleveland - the president who thought the matter in Hawai'I was unjust

Eugene V. Debs - a socialist presidential candidate and the founder of the American Railway Union

Scramble for Africa -  the event that divided up a continent among imperial powers, but left the US out

Populism – a mass movement of the 1890s formed on the basis of the Southern Farmers’ Alliance and other reform organizations

Coxey's Army -a protest march of unemployed workers, led by Populist businessman Jacob Coxey, demanding inflation and a public works program during the depression of the 1890s

Jim Crow laws – segregation laws that became widespread in the South during the 1890s

 Chapter 21 Vocabulary

1.      Initiative - a process that enables citizens to bypass their state legislature by placing proposed statutes and, in some states, constitutional amendments on the ballot.

2.      Referendum - a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision.

3.      Recall -  a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office through a direct vote before their term has ended.

4.      Muller v. Oregon - In 1903, Oregon passed a law that said that women could work no more than 10 hours a day in factories and laundries. A woman at Muller's laundry was required to work more than 10 hours. Muller was convicted of violating the law.

5.      Lochner v New York -  a landmark US labor law case in the US Supreme Court, holding that limits to working time violated the Fourteenth Amendment. ... Lochner is one of the most controversial decisions in the Supreme Court's history, giving its name to what is known as the Lochner era.

6.      Meat Inspection Act-an American law that makes it a crime to adulterate or misbrand meat and meat products being sold as food and ensures that meat and meat products are slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions.

7.      Pure Food and Drug Act - For preventing the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or misbranded or poisonous or deleterious foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors, and for regulating traffic therein, and for other purposes.

8.      New Nationalism -The central issue Theodore Roosevelt argued was government protection of human welfare and property rights,[1] but TR also argued that human welfare was more important than property rights.

9.      New Freedom -  the campaign speeches and promises of Woodrow Wilson in the 1912 presidential campaign calling for limited government, and Wilson's 1913 book of the same name. The more common meaning comprises the Progressive programs enacted by Wilson as president during his first term (1913-1916), when the Democrats controlled Congress.

10.   John Muir - Scottish-American naturalist, author, environmental philosopher, glaciologist and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States

11.   Muckraking – journalism exposing economic, social, and political evils.

12.   Prohibition – a ban on the production, sale, and consumption of alcohol, temporarily through state laws and the Eighteenth Amendment

13.   Niagara movement – African American group organized to promote racial integration, civil and political rights, and equal access to economic opportunity.

14.   National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) – organization cofounded by W.E.B. Du Bois in 1910 dedicated to restoring African American political and social rights.

15.   Sherman Antitrust Act – The first federal antitrust measure, passed in 1890; sought to promote economic competition by prohibiting business combinations in restraint of trade or commerce.

16.   Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 – replaced the Sherman Act and exempted unions from being construed as illegal combinations in restraint of trade, and it forbade federal courts from issuing injunctions against strikers

17.   Federal Reserve Act – the 1913 law that revised banking and currency by extending limited government regulation through the creation of the Federal Reserve System.

18.   Progressivism – a national movement focused on a variety of reform initiatives, including ending corruption, a more business-like approach to government, and legislative responses to industrial excess.

19.   Hepburn Act – an act that strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) by authorizing it to set maximum railroad rates and inspect financial records.

20.   Underwood-Simmons Act of 1913 – reform law that lowered tariff rates and levied the first regular federal income tax.