APES Topics 1.9-1.11

Flashcards for vocabulary review.

First Law of Thermodynamics

Matter is never created nor destroyed, only changes forms.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Each time energy is transferred, some of it is lost as heat.

10% Rule

In trophic pyramids, 10% of energy moves up, 90% lost as heat.

Producers (Plants)

Convert sunlight into chemical energy (glucose).

Primary Consumers

Animals that eat plants (herbivores).

Secondary Consumers

Animals that eat primary consumers (carnivores/omnivores).

Tertiary Consumers

Animals that eat secondary consumers (top-level predators).

Food Web

A model of an interlocking pattern of food chains that depicts the energy flow and nutrients.

Trophic Cascades

Removal or addition of a top predator has a ripple effect down through lower trophic levels.