6. Techno-Optimism/Pessimism + Algorithms and Democracy

Techno-pessimists

Scholars who argue that digital technologies harm democracy, increase polarization, and erode privacy and truth.

Techno-realism

A middle-ground perspective recognizing both the benefits and harms of technology, avoiding extreme optimism or pessimism.

Slacktivism

Minimal online activism (e.g., reposting, liking) that creates a false sense of impact without driving real change.

Slacktivists

People who engage in slacktivism—seeking feel-good validation online without substantial offline action or pressure on elites.

Filter bubbles

Algorithmically curated online environments that unconsciously isolate users from diverse views, reinforcing existing beliefs.

Echo chamber

An ideologically homogenous space users consciously choose, where outside perspectives are actively rejected.

Partisan echo chambers

Online or social environments sorted by political identity where group members reinforce partisan views and avoid dissent.

Crosscutting messages

Information or viewpoints that challenge the dominant beliefs of a group or individual.

Disconfirmed

Dismissed or invalidated, often referring to how groups reject messages that contradict their beliefs.

Means-Tested

Assistance granted only after recipients prove financial need, often used to separate "deserving" from "undeserving" poor.

Means-tested Policy

A policy that allocates aid based on income or assets, requiring eligibility verification (e.g., food stamps, TANF).

Universal Policy

A policy that provides benefits to all individuals regardless of income or class (e.g., Social Security, pandemic stimulus).

Scientific Charity

19th-century welfare approach using data to distinguish between the “deserving” and “undeserving” poor, often based on bias.

Work-fare

Welfare model requiring recipients to work or seek employment to receive aid, emphasizing personal responsibility over support.

Data Warehouses

Centralized government databases that compile information from multiple public programs to monitor and assess welfare recipients.

Popular accountability

The ability of the public to hold institutions or officials responsible through democratic mechanisms like elections, transparency, or oversight.

Democratic pluralism

A system where diverse groups can influence politics and policy, ensuring power is distributed and not monopolized by a few.