DNA and RNA focused

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27 Terms

1
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What are the three components of a nucleotide?
Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group
2
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Which nitrogenous bases are purines?
Adenine and guanine
3
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Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?
Cytosine, thymine (DNA), and uracil (RNA)
4
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What is the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide?
A nucleoside has only a base and sugar; a nucleotide also includes a phosphate group
5
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What sugar is found in RNA?
Ribose
6
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What sugar is found in DNA?
Deoxyribose
7
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Which base is unique to RNA?
Uracil
8
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Which base is unique to DNA?
Thymine
9
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Which DNA base pairs with cytosine?
Guanine (G≡C, 3 hydrogen bonds)
10
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Which DNA base pairs with adenine?
Thymine (A=T, 2 hydrogen bonds)
11
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Which RNA base pairs with adenine?
Uracil
12
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How many hydrogen bonds are in a G≡C base pair?
Three
13
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How many hydrogen bonds are in an A=T or A=U base pair?
Two
14
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What is the most common form of DNA in cells?
B-form DNA
15
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What is a distinguishing feature of B-form DNA?
Right-handed helix, ~10.5 bp per turn, wide major groove
16
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What conditions favor A-form DNA?
Low hydration or RNA helices and DNA-RNA hybrids
17
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What type of DNA has a left-handed helix?
Z-DNA
18
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What is the major groove in DNA?
The wider groove that allows protein access for base sequence recognition
19
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Why is RNA less stable than DNA?
RNA has a 2′-OH group that makes it prone to hydrolysis
20
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What is a hairpin loop in RNA?
A structure where RNA folds back on itself forming a stem of base pairs and a loop
21
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What type of pairing occurs in RNA hairpins?
A=U and G≡C, sometimes G=U wobble pairing
22
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What is the difference in strand structure between DNA and RNA?
DNA is usually double-stranded; RNA is usually single-stranded
23
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Why does RNA form complex 3D structures?
Due to intramolecular base pairing and secondary structures like loops and bulges
24
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What is the functional relevance of the major groove in DNA?
It's the primary site where proteins bind and recognize specific DNA sequences
25
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How are phosphodiester bonds involved in nucleic acids?
They link nucleotides together between the 3′ OH and 5′ phosphate
26
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Which form of DNA has tilted bases and a narrow major groove?
A-form DNA
27
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What are pseudoknots in RNA?
Complex tertiary structures where bases in a loop pair with complementary bases outside the loop