bio 202 week 5

How do fungi acquire the resources they need to survive and grow?

Fungi are absorptive heterotrophs. They secrete digestive enzymes into their environment and then absorb the nutrients.

What structures allow fungi to absorb nutrients efficiently?

Hyphae, which are long filaments that form a network called a mycelium.

What is a mycelium?

The mass of hyphae that makes up the main body of a fungus.

What is a key material found in fungal cell walls?

Chitin.

What combination of traits distinguishes fungi from other multicellular eukaryotes?

Absorptive heterotrophy, cell walls made of chitin, body made of hyphae/mycelium, reproduction with spores.

What are the two major ways fungi reproduce?

Asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.

What are common forms of asexual reproduction in fungi?

Mitosis producing spores, budding (yeast), fragmentation of mycelium.

What are the three main stages of sexual reproduction in fungi?

Plasmogamy - fusion of cytoplasm, Karyogamy - fusion of nuclei, Meiosis - produces haploid spores.

What are the major fungal phyla?

Chytridiomycota (chytrids), Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota.

What is unique about chytrids?

They are mostly aquatic fungi with flagellated spores.

What are examples of Ascomycota?

Yeasts, truffles, morels, and many molds.

What organisms belong to Basidiomycota?

Mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi.

What type of symbiosis is common in Glomeromycota?

Mycorrhizae, partnerships between fungi and plant roots.

How do scientists classify fungal phyla?

By structure of spores, reproductive structures, and genetic data.

What reproductive structure defines Ascomycota?

Asci (sac-like structures that produce spores).

What reproductive structure defines Basidiomycota?

Basidia, club-shaped structures that produce spores.

What combination of traits distinguishes animals from other multicellular eukaryotes?

Multicellular, heterotrophic (ingest food), no cell walls, specialized tissues, usually capable of movement, development from a blastula.

What is a blastula?

A hollow ball of cells formed during early animal development.

What are the earliest animals thought to resemble?

Colonial choanoflagellates.

What major traits define branches in animal evolution?

Tissue organization, body symmetry, number of germ layers, body cavity, type of embryonic development.

What are the two main types of symmetry in animals?

Radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry.

What are the two major bilaterian groups?

Protostomes and Deuterostomes.

What distinguishes protostomes and deuterostomes?

Differences in embryonic development, including how the blastopore develops.

How has molecular data changed animal phylogeny?

DNA analysis has reorganized evolutionary relationships, grouping animals based on genetic similarity instead of just physical traits.

What are the two major protostome groups discovered using molecular data?

Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa.

What characterizes Ecdysozoa?

Animals that shed their exoskeleton (ecdysis), like arthropods and nematodes.

What characterizes Lophotrochozoa?

Animals with a lophophore feeding structure or trochophore larva, such as mollusks and annelids.