Bio Lecture Final
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276 Terms
What is Science?
The study of everything
What is Biology?
The study of life
What are the Characteristics of Life?
Organization
Cells
Metabolism
Reactability
Homeostasis
Growth and Development
Reproduction
Evolution
Define differentiation
Any change in form or function throughout the lifetime of an organism
What are the steps of the Scientific Method?
Make Observations
Formulate Hypothesis
Predict
Experiment
Draw Conclusions
Complete the sentence: The scientific method must be…
Repeatable
What is the treatment variable and experiments?
A condition applied or tested onto a subject
What is the experimental group in an experiment?
A group of subjects exposed to a specific treatment
What is a control group in experiments?
A group of subjects treated the same as the experimental group however, they are not exposed to the treatment.
What is a Variable?
Characteristics of an experiment that are subject to change
What is an independent variable?
A measurable variable that is generally represented on the X axis. It’s value/amount can be changed by the experimenter
What is a dependent variable?
The variable that is affected/change by the independent variable generally represented on the Y axis
What is a positive control?
The part of the experiment that tells us what our data should look like when it is positive for what we are looking for
What is the placebo effect?
When a subject responds favorably to a fake treatment.
What is the blind experimental design?
An experiment in which subjects don’t know which treatment, if any, they’re receiving
What is a double blind experiment?
Neither the subjects nor experimenter know which treatment, if any, the subjects are receiving
Define replication
The process of repeating a study repeating and experiment strengthens our confidence in the results of an experiment.
What is an element?
A substance that cannot be broken down into any other substances.
What is an atom?
Matter that cannot be subdivided any further without losing its essential properties
What are the “Big Four” elements?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
True or False : Neutrons have a negative charge
False: Neutrons have a neutral charge
True or false: Protons have a positive charge
True
What is atomic number?
The number of protons in the nucleus that the element has.
What is atomic weight?
The total number of protons and neutrons in an element
What is an isotope?
Atoms that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.
True or false: Protons are the identity of elements.
True
True or false: changing the amount of protons means changing the element entirely.
True
True or false: adding neutrons to the atom decreases its atomic weight
False, it increases it.
Finish the sentence: When atoms become radioactive, they…
Breakdown
Define half-life
The time required for 50% of an isotope to decay.
What is the most amount of electrons an element can have?
8
What is a valence electron?
The outermost layer of electrons. The number of an elements valence electrons is equal to which ever column its in on the periodic table.
How many valence electrons does carbon have?
4
What is a molecule?
Two or more elements together, the SAME element
What is a compound?
Two or more elements together, are DIFFERENT elements
True or false: In a Lewis Dot diagram the first dot goes on top of the letter
True
What is the molecular formula?
It identifies constituent elements and how many atoms of each are present
What is the structural formula?
It identifies the location of each atom
What is an isomer?
Molecules with identical molecular formula, but are different shapes
What is chemical bonding?
Bonds that exist between atoms and molecules that contain energy
The process of bonding is called…
Chemical Reaction
What are covalent bonds?
When two atoms share electrons and electron clouds surround both atoms.
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
A bond in which electrons are shared equally between atoms
What is a polar covalent bond?
A bond in which electrons are shared unequally.
Define electronegativity.
The ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in a chemical bond.
What is an ion?
A charged particle with an unequal amount of protons and electrons.
Define ionization
The transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
Define anion
A particle that has a negative charge due to gain of electrons.
Define cation
A positive particle due to a loss of electrons. Think PAWsitive
True or false: Ions with opposite charges are repelled from one another.
False, they are attracted to one another
What is an ionic bond?
Two oppositely charged ions that attract one another. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. They steal electrons from one another.
True or false: hydrogen bonds are very weak bonds
True
What is density?
How tightly molecules are packed together
Define solvency
The ability to dissolve other chemicals. Ex : Water
Define adhesion
The tendency of one substance to cling to another
Define cohesion
The tendency of like molecules to cling to each other.
Define hydrophilic
Substances that dissolve in water. Water lovers
Define hydrophobic
substances that do not dissolve in water. Water haters
What is an acid?
A proton donor, A compound that donates its hydrogen
What is a base?
A compound that receives protons (hydrogen)
What is PH?
It means to measure how acidic or basic a solution is.
True or false: Water typically has a pH of 7
True
True or false: Bleach is acidic
False, it is basic
Acids have a pH ___ than 7
Lower
Bases have a pH ____ than 7
Higher
The four classes of organic molecules in living things are…
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Define monomer
A single repeating unit
Define polymer
A molecule made up of many monomers
What are carbohydrates?
The primary fuel for cells, they are composed of monosaccharides
What is a monosaccharide?
A simple sugar. Ex: Glucose, fructose, galactose,… anything ending in “ose”
What is starch?
The primary form of energy storage in plants
What is glycogen?
An important form of energy storage in animals
Chitin is found in..
Bugs/crustaceans
Cellulose is found in…
Plants
True or false: Cellulose and chitin are indigestible by humans
True
What are some examples of carbohydrates?
Lactose, sucrose, etc.
What is an important function of carbohydrates?
They produce short term energy
What is an example of a lipid?
Phospholipids and steroids
What is an important function of lipids?
Long-term energy
What are carbohydrates made of?
Monosaccharides
What are lipids made of?
Glycerol and fatty acids
What are proteins made out of?
Amino acids
What is an example of a protein?
Fish and meat
What is an important function of proteins?
Growth, development, and repair
What are nucleic acids made of?
Nucleotides
What is an example of a nucleic acid?
DNA and RNA
What is an important function of nucleic acids?
They carry genetic information
True or false: lipids do not dissolve in water
True
True or False: Lipids have hydrophobic heads and hydrophilic tails
False, lipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
Why is cholesterol and phospholipids important for cells?
They are used to build sex hormones and membranes.
How many amino acids are there?
20
Define denaturation
The process of modifying the molecular structure of a protein
What is an enzyme?
A protein that speeds up chemical reactions
Are enzymes altered in any way during a reaction?
No
True or false: Enzymes increase the activation energy
False, they decrease the activation energy
What shape is DNA?
It has a double helix shape
Is RNA single stranded or double stranded?
Single
What are the four nucleotides of DNA?
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
What are the four nucleotides of RNA?
Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine
What does DNA stand for?
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid