Unit 6 History Test

What was the goal of the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)?

To restore Europe's pre-1789 balance of power, reduce French influence, and reinforce monarchies after Napoleon's defeat.

Who led the Congress of Vienna and what ideology did he support?

Prince Metternich of Austria; he was a conservative who supported monarchies, tradition, and stability.

What is the Concert of Europe?

An alliance of Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia (later France) that aimed to maintain the balance of power and prevent revolutions.

What was the Policy of Interventionism?

The idea that European powers could intervene in other countries to suppress revolutions and maintain order.

 What is Conservatism in the 19th century?

A political ideology favoring tradition, monarchy, social hierarchy, and organized religion.

What is Economic Liberalism?

An ideology rooted in laissez-faire capitalism, advocating minimal government interference in the economy (inspired by Adam Smith).

What is Political Liberalism?

Advocated constitutional governments, civil liberties, legal equality, and middle-class participation in politics (progressive).

What are some values of Romanticism?

Emphasis on emotion, nature, the individual, and artistic expression; reacted against Enlightenment rationalism.

  What revolution succeeded with foreign support and a shared cultural identity?

Greek War of Independence (1821-1829).

What 1825 revolt in Russia failed due to lack of support and brutal repression?

The Decembrist Revolt.

What happened during the French July Revolution of 1830?

 Charles X was overthrown and replaced by Louis-Philippe; marked a liberal success.

Why did some 19th-century revolutions fail?

Lack of external support, strong suppression (especially by Russia), and internal divisions.

What war revealed the weakness of the Ottoman Empire and broke the Concert of Europe?

 The Crimean War (1854-1856).

 What caused the Crimean War and what was the outcome?

Conflict over religious rights in the Holy Land and Russian expansion; Britain, France, and the Ottomans defeated Russia, leading to the decline of Russian influence and the end of the Concert of Europe.

Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Great Britain?

Capital, investors, natural resources (coal, iron), strong banking, colonies, and transportation infrastructure.

What was the Enclosure Movement?

Allowed large landowners to fence off common land, pushing peasants to cities for work.

What key inventions transformed textile production?

Spinning Jenny, Flying Shuttle, Power Loom, Cotton Gin.

What was the Sadler Commission?

A British investigation that exposed child labor abuses in factories.

 What are key effects of the Industrial Revolution?

Urbanization, pollution, new social classes, child labor, technological innovation.

What caused the "Great Stink" of 1858?

Raw sewage in the River Thames during a heatwave in London.

 What ideology did Karl Marx develop and what are the key classes?

Communism; bourgeoisie (owners) vs. proletariat (workers).

How did the Industrial Revolution lead to Imperialism?

 Industrial nations needed raw materials, markets, and used new technologies to dominate others.

What was the Meiji Restoration (1868)?

Period of modernization and westernization in Japan; abolished feudalism and built industry and military.

What was the Scramble for Africa?

Rapid European colonization of Africa in the late 1800s for resources and power.

Why was Africa so valuable

Africa was valuable due to its abundant natural resources (diamonds, gold, rubber), strategic location for trade routes, and the potential for new markets for European goods.

 What was the Berlin Conference (1884-1885)?

European powers divided Africa with no African input, leading to arbitrary borders.

 What technologies helped imperialism?

Maxim gun, steamboats, railroads, telegraph, medicine.

 What happened in the Taiping Rebellion?

Massive civil war in China; millions died trying to overthrow the Qing Dynasty.

 What was the Sepoy Rebellion (1857)?

Indian soldiers' revolt against British cultural disrespect and colonial policies; Britain suppressed it.

What is Direct vs. Indirect Rule?

 Direct: foreign officials rule; Indirect: local leaders govern under imperial control.

What is a Protectorate?

Local rulers keep power but must follow guidance from a stronger nation.

What is a Sphere of Influence?

 A foreign nation controls trade and investment in a region without formal rule.

What happened in the Opium Wars?

Britain defeated China over opium trade rights, led to unequal treaties.

What did the Treaty of Nanjing do?

ended the Opium War; China paid an indemnity and gave Britain trade advantages and Hong Kong.

How did Ethiopia resist imperialism?

Menelik II modernized Ethiopia and defeated Italy at the Battle of Adowa in 1896.

How did Liberia remain independent?

It was founded by freed American slaves and supported by the U.S.

What happened in the Belgian Congo?

King Leopold II exploited Congolese labor for rubber; led to mass atrocities.

What did rubber from Africa support?

Industrial products like tires and electrical insulation.

 Who led Ghana to independence and when?

Kwame Nkrumah; Ghana became independent in 1957.

What was resistance in Southeast Asia like?

Local revolts against colonial rule, especially in Vietnam, Indonesia, and Burma; mostly unsuccessful.

Define Colonialism

Control by one country over another, often for economic exploitation and political influence.

Define Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.