Stages of Development - Piaget and Erikson

What are Piaget's stages of development in order?

Sensorimotor

Preoperational

Concrete operational

Formal operational

Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget)

- 0-2 years old

- children learn entirely through the movements they make an the sensations that result. They learn:

-that they exist separately from the objects and people around them

-that they can cause things to happen

-that things continue to exist even when they can't see them (object permanence)

Preoperational Stage (Piaget)

- Age 2-7

-Once children acquire language they begin to use symbols

-still very egocentric in thinking (assume everyone sees things through same viewpoint as they do)

-Able to understand concepts like counting, classifying according to similarity, and past-present future (but generally still focused on present and the concrete)

Concrete operations stage (Piaget)

- Age 7-11

- At this stage children start using inductive logic are able to see things from different points of view and to imagine events that occur outside their own lives

able to:

-order objects by size, color

-understand that if 3+4=7 then 7-4=3

-understand that a red square can belong to both the "red" category and the "square" category

-understand that a short wide cup can hold the same amount of liquid as a tall thin cup

-however, thinking still tends to be tied to concrete reality

Formal operations stage (Piaget)

-Age 11 and up

- reason abstract consequences, and reason consequences; moral reasoning. Deductive logic.

- At this point children are reasoning more like adults and they continue to develop that overtime. In the formal operational stage, a child will be able to think logically about abstract ideas, hypothetical situations, and use abstract thinking to solve novel problems.

What are Erikson's stages of development in order?

1. trust versus mistrust

2. autonomy versus doubt

3. initiative versus guilt

4. industry versus inferiority

5. identity versus role confusion

6. intimacy versus isolation

7. generativity versus stagnation

8. integrity versus despair

Trust vs mistrust (Erikson)

- Infancy (Birth to 18 months)

(hope)

- Consistent, adequate, nurturing care leads to a sense of trust and a sense of optimism that one's needs will be met and that the world is a safe place

"Can I expect to get my needs met?"

Autonomy vs shame and doubt (Erikson)

- Early childhood (18 months to 3 years)

(will)

- A positive sense of self develops out of positive interaction with caregivers. Some shame and doubt leads us to consider the impact of our actions on others; too much creates inhibition

"Can my caregivers support both my growing independence and protect me from harm?"

Initiative vs guilt (Erikson)

-Play Stage (age 3-6)

(purpose)

- favorable relationships with family result in the ability to set goals and carry out plans without infringing on the rights of others

"Can I do things by myself without hurting others?"

Industry vs inferiority Stage 4 (Erikson)

-School age (6 to 11)

(competence)

-Increasing awareness of self as individual and cultural differences. Children more able to share and cooperate. May begin to be disobedient.

"What do I do well/not-so-well?"

Identity vs role confusion Stage 5 (Erikson)

- adolescence (11-18)

(fidelity)

-teens "try on" different identities and use their friends to reflect back to them. If successful in this stage, they develop ability to sustain loyalty and the ability to be friends with people different than them.

"Can I form an identify distinct from the one my family envisions for me?"

Intimacy vs isolation (Erikson)

- young adulthood (19-40)

(love)

- establishing intimate bonds of love and friendship

"Can I love and be loved?"

Generativity vs stagnation(Erikson)

- Middle adulthood (40-65)

(care)

- Develop a sense of unity with mate, establish and guide next generation, reverse roles with aging parents, civic and social responsibility

"Have I made a contribution?"

integrity versus despair (Erikson)

- Old age (65+)

(maturity)

- Come to terms with one's limitations and mortality. Accepting things that are too late to change and facing death without dread or despair

Overview of Erikson's 8 stages of development

-the stages proceed in a linear fashion

-each stage is characterized by a psychosocial challenge (EG: trust vs. mistrust)

-conflict must be resolved or it carries to next stage

-resolving conflict helps ego strength in next stage