Appendicular Skeleton (LAB 5)

Pectoral Girdle

-Clavicle + scapula

-attach upper limbs to axial skeleton

Acromion (Scapula)

-attachment for deltoid + trapezius

-articulate with clavicle

Glenoid Cavity (Scapula)

-articulates with head of humerus (forms ball n socket joint)

Spine (Scapula)

Humerus

-has head feature

-articulates with glenoid cavity (forms ball n socket joint)

Ulna

-head: distal end of forearm, helps move your arm + wrist

-olecranon: curved process at proximal end of elbow, lever to extend elbow

Radius

-head: has circular dent, helps forearm rotation + elbow stability

Carpals

-8 short bones

-forms wrist, connects hand to wrist

Metacarpals

-5 long bones

-between carpals and phalanges

-helps for structure, gripping

Phalanges (Upper Limb)

-14 bones

-fingers

-forms hinge movement and joint

Pelvic Girdle

-formed by 2 coxal (hip) bones, each coxal bone in a newborn has 3 bones (ilium, ischium, pubis),separated by cartilage

-connects lower limbs to axial skeleton

-coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx form the pelvis

Acetabulum (Ilium)

Greater Sciatic Notch (Ilium)

-

Iliac Crest (Ilium)

Sacroiliac Joint (Ilium)

Ischium

-support body weight when sititng

Obturator Foramen (Pubis)

Pubic Symphsis (Pubis)

Pubic Arch (Pubis)

Femur

Patella

Tuberosity (Tibia)

-

Medial Malleolus (Tibia)

-

Fibula

Calcaneus (Tarsals)

-

Talus (Tarsals)

-

Metatarsals

Phalanges

Differences Between Male and Female Pelvis

Male: pubic arch < than 90 deg., heart shape pelvic inlet

Female: pubic arch > than 90 deg., oval shaped pelvic inlet

Fibrous Joint

Dense irreg. CT, no synovial cavity

-Sutures: btw skull bones, can fuse into a synostosis

-Syndesmosis: bones are farther apart than sutures (3 kinds)

• Interosseous Ligament: joins distal ends of tibia n fibula

• Interosseous Membrane: dense irreg. CT that joins 2 long bones (eg; radius n ulna)

• Gomphosis: teeth n their sockets

Cartilaginous Joints

Hyaline or fibrocartilage, no synovial cavity

-Synchondrosis: hyaline or fibrocartilage (eg; part connecting 1st rib to manubrium). Also epiphyseal cartilages (grows hyaline cartilage), like epiphyseal plate of a kid, which then become a synostosis

-Symphysis: hyaline cartilage on ends of bone, fibrocartilage disc in btw (eg; pubic symphysis)

Synovial Joints

Have synovial cavity, ends of bones covered by hyaline, 2 layers of CT enclose cavity (fibrous + synovial membranes)

-mobility, lubrication

-6 types

Gliding

Flat bone surfaces move with respect to one another (little angle alteration btw bones)

Plane

-flat/slightly curved bones

-biaxial

-eg; btw tarsals

Hinge Joint

-Convex bone fits INTO concave bone

-monoaxial

-joint btw humerus and ulna

Pivot Joints

-one bone rotates around its own long axis

-monoaxial

-joint btw radius and ulna

Ellipsoid Joints

-oval shaped depression bone and oval shaped projection bone

-biaxial

-btw radius and adjacent carpals

Saddle Joints

-Concave bone fits OVER convex bone

-biaxial

-metacarpal of thumb and its carpal

Ball n Socket Joint

-ball shaped bone fits into cup shaped bone

-triaxial

-glenohumeral joint

Functions of Skeletal Muscle

-maintain posture

-generate body heat

-stabilize joints

Origin and Insertion

-when a muscle contracts, movement occurs, resulting in the INSERTION moving toward the ORIGIN

Occipitofrontalis

-Frontal Belly:elevates eyebrows, wrinkles forehead

-Occipital Belly: pull back scalp

Obicularis Oculi

-close eyelids, blinking

Orbicularis Oris

-speech, lip movements (eg; kissing)

Platysma

-depress mandible, lower face