Bio Unit 1

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open system

both inputs and outputs of matter and energy

closed system

only energy inputs/outputs

isolated system

all energy/matter inputs/outputs are contained

system

a set of interacting components considered to be a distinct entity

emergent property

a property that a system has but its component parts do not

homeostasis

the maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism

population

members of the same species in a defined area

community

all living things in a defined area

ecosystem

all living and nonliving things interacting in a defined area

biome

ecosystems with similar characteristics

biosphere

all living things on earth

living things are…

made of cells, require and process energy, grow and change, reproduce, and respond to their environment

cell

the basic unit of life

tissue

a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specialized function

organ

a group of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body

organ system

two or more organs that work together to perform body functions

cell differentiation

the process by which cells become specialized in structure and function

neurons

specialized cells that are able to send electrical/chemical signals to help the organism communicate

sensory neurons

detect stimuli, send signals

inter neurons

receive and process signals

motor neurons

act on the signal, stimulates muscles

muscles

bundles of muscle cells that contract

skeletal muscle

voluntary

smooth muscle

involuntary

organism

complete set of organ systems maintaining life

epithelial tissue

protective lining, allows for transport, secretion, absorption

connective tissue

binds together, supports, protects other tissues and organs

muscle tissue

contracts to allow for movement, support, and heat production

nervous tissue

receives and transmits impulses

circulatory system

transports substances throughout body

digestive system

breakdown and require nutrients

endocrine system

produces hormones to help the body function

excretory system

filters blood and eliminates waste

immune/lymphatic system

protects against disease, makes white blood cells

integumentary system

protects the body (skin, hair, nails)

muscular system

produces voluntary and involuntary movements

nervous system

electrochemical signals used for rapid communication in the body

reproductive system

produces and transports reproductive cells

respiratory system

brings in oxygen for cells, expels carbon dioxide

skeletal system

supports and protects vital organs, allows movement

cell membrane

encloses cells and controls movement of materials in and out of the cell

cytoplasm

a jelly-like substance that contains dissolved materials

organelle

specialized structures that perform distinct processes in a cell

prokaryotic cells

more simple cells that don’t have a nucleus

eukaryotic cells

more complex cells that have a nucleus

nucleus

the storehouse for genetic information (DNA) in the cell

DNA

the blueprint with instructions for making proteins

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

an interconnected network of thin, folded membranes

rough ER

has ribosomes, makes proteins

smooth ER

no ribosomes, makes lipids and breaks down drugs/alcohol

golgi apparatus

stacks of membrane-enclosed spaces that process, sort, and deliver proteins

ribosomes

build polypeptides

mitochondria

supplies energy to the cell

lysosomes

membrane bound organelles that contain special proteins called enzymes that recycle old parts

centrioles

involved in cell division

cell wall

a rigid layer that protects, supports, and gives shape to the cell (plants only)

chloroplasts

organelles that carry out photosynthesis

vacuole

a fluid filled sac used for the storage of materials needed by a cell

vesicle

a membrane bound sac used to transport substances into and out of the cell

epidermal cells

protect, have an oily layer so no water can get out

palisade cells

maximize light absorption for photosynthesis by being packed close together

xylem cells

tubes, carry water and nutrients up

phloem cells

tubes, carry sugars down

guard cells

control gas diffusion by regulating the opening and closing of stromatal pores

stimulus

anything from the internal or external environment that causes an imbalance in the internal conditions of a cell/organ/organ system/organism

hormones

chemicals secreted into the bloodstream by ductless endocrine glands

arteries

carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart

capillaries

deliver oxygen directly to cells and remove carbon dioxide and waste

veins

carry oxygen poor blood back to the heart

alveoli

thin-walled air sacs

stromata

small openings on the underside of leaves that are surrounded by guard cells and exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

thermoregulation

maintains a stable body temp under a variety of conditions

osmoregulation

balances fluid and salt levels in an organism

negative feedback loops

when the action leads to a decrease in that action

positive feedback loop

when the action leads to an increase in that action