intro to chem

general chemistry

general chemistry

the study of matter, energy, and the interactions between the two

Organic chemistry

focused on compounds produced by living organisms or synthetic chemicals that have chains of carbon in them.

Inorganic chemistry

focused on simple compounds like minerals, metals, and organometallic compounds.

Understanding the fundamental properties of matter

This provides critical insights into the basic principles governing the behavior and interactions of elements and their compounds.

Technological applications

Biological importance:

While organic chemistry is often the focus in biochemistry, many essential biological processes also involve inorganic species, such as metal-containing enzymes, cofactors, and the Inorganic components of bones and teeth.

Fundamental scientific understanding

Investigating the behavior and properties of inorganic compounds and materials contributes to our overall scientific knowledge and the development of new theories and models in chemistry and materials science.

Matter

is anything that has mass and takes up space (volume)

Matter

is made up of small particles, A known as atoms.

Matter

can be presented in different states, each of them has specific characteristics

Solid

nave definite shape and volume

Solid

The intermolecular forces between the molecules is high.

Solid

The intermolecular space between solids is absent

Liquid

have indefinite shape but have definite volume

Liquid

The intermolecular forces between the molecules is moderate

Liquid

The intermolecular space is moderate but present.

Gas

have indefinite shape and volume

Gas

The Intermolecular forces between the molecules is nоn- existent

Gas

The intermolecular space is free- flowing and plenty.

Plasma

most abundant state of matter

Plasma

hot ionized gas consisting of approximately equal numbers of positively charged ions and negatively charged ions

Melting

- Solid to Liquid

Freezing

- Liquid to Solid

Evaporation

- Liquid to Gas

Condensation

- Gas to Liquid

Sublimation

- Solid to Gas

Deposition

- Gas to Solid

Ionization

- Gas to Plasma

Recombination

- Plasma to Gas

Physical Properties

These can be measured and observed without changing the composition of the substance

Physical Properties

Intensive Properties

Extensive Properties

Chemical Properties

These are the ability of a substance to react with other substances such as air, water, and base

Intensive Properties

It does not depend on the size or amount of the sample.

Extensive Properties

These can be affected by the size and amount of samples. According to changed involved during measurements of the property.

Combustibility

- Whether the substance undergoes combustion or not

Stability

- Whether the substance can be easily decomposed or not

Reactivity

- Whether it reacts with acids, bases, and oxygen, gas or not

Relative-Activity

- Whether the material is more active or less active than other members of its chemical family

Ionization

- Whether it will break into charged particles when in solution with water or not.

Toxicity

- Whether substance can damage an organism or not.

Pure Substance

single kind of matter that cannot be separated into other kinds of matter by any physical mean

Element

– simplest form of substance

Compound

– two or more chemical united (separated via chemical means)

Mixture

Physical combination of two own more substances in which each substance retains its own chemical identity

Homogenous

It has a uniform composition

Homogenous

It has only one phase

Homogenous

It can't be separated out physically

Heterogenous

It has a non-uniform composition

Heterogenous

There are two or more phases

Heterogenous

can be separated out physically