HCR Human Patho Exam 1

Is it true that a eukaryotic cell

contains structures called organelles

The cells energy producers are called:

Mitochondria

Movement of a solute molecule from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is called:

diffusion

Which are the roles of relay chains in signal transduction?

amplify, distribute, transfer

For optimal cell function which of the following is necessary:

potassium (K+) ions need to be at a higher concentration inside the cell and sodium (NA+) need to be at a higher concentration outside the cell

Where is most of a cells genetic information, including RNA and DNA, contained?

Nucleus

Which cell component is capable of cellular auto digestion when it is released during cell injury?

Lysosomes

Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma membrane?

Lipid bilayer

Passive transport is best described with which statement?

Being driven by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion

Which is the best example of active transport?

Movement requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy

A muscle cell possesses which specialized function?

Movement

Which process produces messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA?

Transcription

What are causes of cellular injury?

Hypoxia

Which of the following following is an increase in cell number

Hyperplasia

Which statement correctly describes apoptosis?

An active process of programmed cellular self-destruction

True or False: Only cells that can divide will undergo hyperplasia; therefore, hyperplasia of the myocytes in the heart and neurons in the brain does not occur

True

The most common cause of hypoxia is:

Illness

The most common heat related injury is:

Heat exhaustion

Sunburn by excessive exposure to sunlight is an observable example of cell injury by:

Physical Agents

Which condition occurs as a result of decreased workload, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation?

Pathologic atrophy

Which condition most directly causes cellular hypoxia?

Ischemia

According to the text, the world’s largest single environmental health risk is:

Air pollution

____ is the number one mood altering drug used in the US

alcohol

____, or oxygen failing to reach the blood, can result from a lack of oxygen in the environment

suffocation

Dear sea divers need to be concerned with ___ which can cause gas emboli

decompression sickness

During cell injury caused by hypoxia, why does an increase in the osmotic pressure within the cell occur?

Sodium chloride enters the cell

What two types of hearing loss are associated with noise?

Acoustic trauma and noise-induced

In decompression sickness, emboli are formed by bubbles of what?

Nitrogen

Which statement best describes necrosis?

Uncontrolled cell death caused by severe cellular injury

An increase in cell size that results in enlargement of an organ is called:

Hypertrophy

Which cellular adaptation involves the replacement of one mature cell type with another that is better able to tolerate environmental stress?

Metaplasia

Which type of cell death is programmed, energy-dependent, and does NOT trigger inflammation?

Apoptosis

A patient experiences decreased oxygen delivery to tissues due to reduced blood flow. This type of cellular injury is best described as:

Ischemia

Which term describes the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) subunit of one deoxyribose molecular, one phosphate group, and one base?

Nucleotide

Which statement is true regarding DNA base pairing?

Adenine pairs with thymine

Which statement is true regarding chromosomes?

The somatic cells contain 446 chromosomes

Which term describes an allele with an observable effect?

Dominant

Which statement is true regarding autosomal dominant gene transmission?

The affected parent transmits the gene to one-half of his or her children

Which statement is true regarding autosomal recessive inheritance?

Males and females are equally affected

Which chromosomes make a female?

XX

Cystic Fibrosis is the most common example of ____

Autosomal recessive disease

Which process converts mRNA into a protein?

Translation

Turner syndrome is caused by which chromosomal abnormality?

Monosomy X

Which chromosomal pattern is seen in Klinefelter syndrome?

XXY

Which statement is true regarding hypokalemia?

Hypokalemia occurs when the serum level is below 3.5 mEq/L

Which statement is true regarding hypokalemia?

Diuretic therapy is the most common cause hypokalemia

Which statement is true regarding magnesium?

Symptoms of hypomagnesemia include weakness and depression

Which statement describes academia?

State in which the pH of arterial blood is less than 7.35

What is the main intracellular ion?

Potassium

What is the main extracellular ion?

Sodium

Hyperventilation is the most common cause of ____. Breathing into a paper bag can replace the lost CO2

Respiratory Acidosis

which statement is true regarding hyponatremia?

Occurs when sodium drops below 135 mEq/L

Why are infants most susceptible to significant losses in total body water?

Kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid losses

Why does obesity create a greater risk for dehydration in people?

Adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling

Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of what?

osmotic forces

In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the plasma and interstitial fluid spaces?

hydrostatic pressure

What does vomiting-induced metabolic alkalosis cause?

Retention of bicarbonate due to loss of chloride

The pathophysiologic process of edema is related to which mechanism?

Lymphatic obstruction

A patient has the following arterial blood gases: HCO3 38, pH 7.50, PaCO2 50. Which of the following signs may this patient exhibit as a compensatory mechanism?

Hypoventilation (bradypnea)

A patient has the following arterial blood gas values: pH 7.30, PaCO2 55 mmHg, HCO3 -24 mEq/L. What is the primary disorder?

Respiratory acidosis

A patient with liver failure develops generalized edema. What is the primary mechanism causing this fluid shift?

Decreased oncotic pressure

Kussmaul respirations (deep, rapid breathing) are most commonly associated with:

Metabolic acidosis