Chapter 10: Life in Villages and Cities of the High Middle Ages

Medieval households

________ were not self- sufficient but bought cloth, metal, leather goods, and even some food in village markets.

Rural priests

________ were peasants and often worked in the fields with the people during the week.

Twelfth century theologians

________ expanded on Saint Augustines understanding of sacraments and created an entire sacramental system.

Ancient Greek

________ and Arabic texts entered Europe in the early twelfth century by way of Islamic intellectual centers at Baghdad, Córdoba, and Toledo.

Saint Thomas Aquinas

________ (1225- 1274), a Dominican friar and professor at Paris, produced the most famous of these collections, the Summa Theologica, a summation of Christian ideas on a vast number of theological questions, including the nature of God and Christ, moral principles, and the role of the sacraments.

Middle Ages

Law and medicine were important academic disciplines in the ________, but theology was "the queen of sciences "because it involved the study of God, who made all knowledge possible.

Irnerius

________ and other teachers at Bologna taught law as an organic whole related to the society it regulated, an all- inclusive system based on logical principles that could be applied to difficult practical situations.

England

Jews were expelled from ________ and later from France.

cathedral

A(n) ________ is the church of a bishop and the administrative headquarters of a diocese.

fourteenth century

University professors (a term first used in the ________) were known as "schoolmen "or Scholastics.

harvest seasons

Most serfs worked small plots of land; in addition, all serfs were required to provide a certain number of days of labor a week- more in planting and ________- on a lords land.

memorial masses

Souls in purgatory did not wander the earth, but they could still benefit from earthly activities; ________, prayers, and donations made in their names could shorten their time in purgatory.

Childbirth

________ was dangerous for mothers as well as infants.

commercial revolution

The ________ created a great deal of new wealth, which did not escape the attention of kings and other rulers.

religious official

Within Judaism, a boy was circumcised by a(n) ________ and given his name in a ceremony in his eighth day of life.

central Europe

In western and ________, villages were generally made up of small houses for individual families.

medieval images

In some ________ and literature, the Devil is portrayed as black, an identification that shaped Western racial attitudes.

education

Latin was the language used in university ________, scholarly writing, and works of literature.

citizens of Paris

In 1163 the ________ began Notre Dame Cathedral, planning it to reach the height of 114 feet from the floor to the ceiling at the highest point inside.

modern capitalist

Changes in business procedures, combined with the growth in trade, led to a transformation of the European economy often called the commercial revolution by historians, who see it as the beginning of the ________ economy.

common forms of entertainment

Games and sports were ________ and relaxation.

Hanseatic League

The ________ (often called simply the Hansa) was a mercantile association of towns.

eleventh centuries

The tenth and ________ also witnessed a number of agricultural improvements, especially in the development of mechanisms that replaced or aided human labor.

fourteenth centuries

The steady rise in population between the mid- eleventh and ________ was primarily the result of warmer climate, increased food supply, and a reduction of violence with growing political stability, rather than dramatic changes in health care.