Unit 4 Psych (copy)

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56 Terms

1

Attributions

Explanations individuals create for the causes of behaviors and events.

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2

Dispositional Attributions

Attributing behavior to inherent qualities or traits of an individual.

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3

Situational Attributions

Attributing behavior to external factors or circumstances.

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4

Explanatory Style

How people habitually explain the causes of events, can be optimistic or pessimistic.

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5

Actor/Observer Bias

The tendency to attribute one's own actions to situational factors and others' actions to dispositional factors.

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6

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to overemphasize dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors in explaining others' behaviors.

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7

Self-Serving Bias

Attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external factors to enhance self-esteem.

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8

Locus of Control

An individual's belief about the extent of their control over events affecting their lives.

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9

Internal Locus of Control

Belief that one has significant control over their outcomes based on their actions.

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10

External Locus of Control

Belief that outcomes are primarily influenced by luck or external forces.

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11

Mere Exposure Effect

The tendency to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar.

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12

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Expectations about a person influence behavior toward them, confirming those expectations.

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13

Social Comparison Theory

The process of evaluating oneself in comparison to others to determine social and personal worth.

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14

Relative Deprivation

The perception of being worse off compared to others, leading to feelings of discontent.

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15

Stereotype

A generalized belief about a particular group of people, often based on overgeneralization.

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16

Prejudice

A preconceived opinion or attitude about an individual or group, often negative.

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17

Discrimination

Behavior directed towards individuals based on prejudice, leading to unfair treatment.

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18

Implicit Attitudes

Unconscious beliefs or feelings towards a group or individual that influence behavior.

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19

Just-World Phenomenon

The belief that the world is fair and people get what they deserve.

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20

Out-Group Homogeneity Bias

The tendency to view out-group members as more similar to each other than in-group members.

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21

In-Group Bias

Preference and favoritism towards one's own group over out-groups.

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22

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the inherent superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture.

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23

Belief Perseverance

The tendency to maintain a belief even after evidence contradicts it.

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24

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to search for and interpret information that confirms preexisting beliefs.

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25

Cognitive Dissonance

Psychological discomfort from holding conflicting cognitions, leading to attitude change.

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26

Social Norms

Implicit or explicit rules governing behavior within a group or society.

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27

Social Influence Theory

Examination of how individuals' thoughts and behaviors are shaped by others.

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28

Normative Social Influence

Conforming to group expectations to gain social approval or avoid disapproval.

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29

Informational Social Influence

Conforming to others' behavior because they believe those others have accurate knowledge.

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30

Persuasion

Changing someone's attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors through argument or appeal.

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31

Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)

Model explaining two routes of persuasion: central and peripheral.

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32

Central Route

Persuasion involving careful consideration of the information presented.

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33

Peripheral Route

Persuasion influenced by superficial cues, leading to temporary attitude changes.

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34

Halo Effect

Cognitive bias where perception of one positive trait influences perception of others.

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35

Foot-in-the-Door Technique

A persuasion strategy where a small request is followed by a larger one.

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36

Door-in-the-Face Technique

A persuasion strategy involving a large request followed by a smaller, reasonable request.

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37

Conformity

Adjustment of behavior, attitudes, or beliefs to align with a group or social norm.

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38

Obedience

Following orders or directives from an authority figure.

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39

Individualism

Cultural orientation emphasizing personal goals, autonomy, and individual rights.

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40

Collectivism

Cultural orientation prioritizing group goals and social harmony over individual desires.

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41

Multiculturalism

Societal approach valuing coexistence of diverse cultural groups.

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42

Group Polarization

Tendency for group discussions to amplify initial leanings of group members.

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43

Groupthink

Desire for group consensus that overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives.

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44

Diffusion of Responsibility

Reduced personal accountability in groups where responsibility is shared.

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45

Social Loafing

Tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group.

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46

Deindividuation

Loss of self-awareness and personal accountability in groups.

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47

Social Facilitation

Tendency to perform better on tasks in the presence of others.

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48

False Consensus Effect

Cognitive bias where individuals overestimate how much others share their beliefs.

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49

Superordinate Goals

Objectives requiring cooperation between groups or individuals to achieve.

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50

Social Traps

Situations where short-term gains lead to long-term negative consequences for the group.

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51

Industrial-Organizational (I-O) Psychologists

Professionals applying psychological principles to improve workplace productivity and well-being.

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52

Altruism

Prosocial behavior motivated by genuine concern for the welfare of others.

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53

Social Reciprocity Norm

Expectation to respond similarly to what another person has provided.

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54

Bystander Effect

Phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help in emergencies when others are present.

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55

Situational Variables

Environmental and contextual factors influencing prosocial behavior.

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56

Attentional Variables

Factors relating to where an individual's focus is during a situation.

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