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Attributions
Explanations individuals create for the causes of behaviors and events.
Dispositional Attributions
Attributing behavior to inherent qualities or traits of an individual.
Situational Attributions
Attributing behavior to external factors or circumstances.
Explanatory Style
How people habitually explain the causes of events, can be optimistic or pessimistic.
Actor/Observer Bias
The tendency to attribute one's own actions to situational factors and others' actions to dispositional factors.
Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to overemphasize dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors in explaining others' behaviors.
Self-Serving Bias
Attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external factors to enhance self-esteem.
Locus of Control
An individual's belief about the extent of their control over events affecting their lives.
Internal Locus of Control
Belief that one has significant control over their outcomes based on their actions.
External Locus of Control
Belief that outcomes are primarily influenced by luck or external forces.
Mere Exposure Effect
The tendency to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Expectations about a person influence behavior toward them, confirming those expectations.
Social Comparison Theory
The process of evaluating oneself in comparison to others to determine social and personal worth.
Relative Deprivation
The perception of being worse off compared to others, leading to feelings of discontent.
Stereotype
A generalized belief about a particular group of people, often based on overgeneralization.
Prejudice
A preconceived opinion or attitude about an individual or group, often negative.
Discrimination
Behavior directed towards individuals based on prejudice, leading to unfair treatment.
Implicit Attitudes
Unconscious beliefs or feelings towards a group or individual that influence behavior.
Just-World Phenomenon
The belief that the world is fair and people get what they deserve.
Out-Group Homogeneity Bias
The tendency to view out-group members as more similar to each other than in-group members.
In-Group Bias
Preference and favoritism towards one's own group over out-groups.
Ethnocentrism
Belief in the inherent superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture.
Belief Perseverance
The tendency to maintain a belief even after evidence contradicts it.
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to search for and interpret information that confirms preexisting beliefs.
Cognitive Dissonance
Psychological discomfort from holding conflicting cognitions, leading to attitude change.
Social Norms
Implicit or explicit rules governing behavior within a group or society.
Social Influence Theory
Examination of how individuals' thoughts and behaviors are shaped by others.
Normative Social Influence
Conforming to group expectations to gain social approval or avoid disapproval.
Informational Social Influence
Conforming to others' behavior because they believe those others have accurate knowledge.
Persuasion
Changing someone's attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors through argument or appeal.
Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)
Model explaining two routes of persuasion: central and peripheral.
Central Route
Persuasion involving careful consideration of the information presented.
Peripheral Route
Persuasion influenced by superficial cues, leading to temporary attitude changes.
Halo Effect
Cognitive bias where perception of one positive trait influences perception of others.
Foot-in-the-Door Technique
A persuasion strategy where a small request is followed by a larger one.
Door-in-the-Face Technique
A persuasion strategy involving a large request followed by a smaller, reasonable request.
Conformity
Adjustment of behavior, attitudes, or beliefs to align with a group or social norm.
Obedience
Following orders or directives from an authority figure.
Individualism
Cultural orientation emphasizing personal goals, autonomy, and individual rights.
Collectivism
Cultural orientation prioritizing group goals and social harmony over individual desires.
Multiculturalism
Societal approach valuing coexistence of diverse cultural groups.
Group Polarization
Tendency for group discussions to amplify initial leanings of group members.
Groupthink
Desire for group consensus that overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives.
Diffusion of Responsibility
Reduced personal accountability in groups where responsibility is shared.
Social Loafing
Tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group.
Deindividuation
Loss of self-awareness and personal accountability in groups.
Social Facilitation
Tendency to perform better on tasks in the presence of others.
False Consensus Effect
Cognitive bias where individuals overestimate how much others share their beliefs.
Superordinate Goals
Objectives requiring cooperation between groups or individuals to achieve.
Social Traps
Situations where short-term gains lead to long-term negative consequences for the group.
Industrial-Organizational (I-O) Psychologists
Professionals applying psychological principles to improve workplace productivity and well-being.
Altruism
Prosocial behavior motivated by genuine concern for the welfare of others.
Social Reciprocity Norm
Expectation to respond similarly to what another person has provided.
Bystander Effect
Phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help in emergencies when others are present.
Situational Variables
Environmental and contextual factors influencing prosocial behavior.
Attentional Variables
Factors relating to where an individual's focus is during a situation.