Islamic Caliphates

Despite its military successes, and its conquest of the Persian Sassanid Empire and roughly half of the Byzantine Empire, was the Rashidun Caliphate stable?

The Rashidun Caliphate was not internally stable

What deaths did most initial caliphs face and why did that happen?

They were assassinated or poisoned due to factional disputes within the Arab population

Who won the civil war within the Rashidun Caliphate and established control?

The Umayyad clan

How long did the Umayyad Caliphate last?

661-750 Ce

Where was the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate?

Damascus, Syria

Who did the Umayyad Caliphate war with?

The Byzantine Empire

How did the Umayyad Caliphate reach its zenith?

By continuing territorial expansion it reached its zenith by expanding to the borders of France and Morocco in the West and India and China in the East

True or False: the caliphate continued most state practices, such as the dhimmi status and jizya tax

True

Who did the Umayyad Caliphate's popularity wane amongst and why?

the conquered peoples, particularly for their preferential treatment of Muslim Arabs over others

This increasingly popular practice had Arabs in the Umayyad Caliphate depending on who?

Non-Arab warriors known as Mamluks

When and where would Mamluks inherit the title of caliphate?

After 1258, they would inherit the title of caliphate in Egypt

When did the Umayyad Caliphate's attitudes towards non-Arab Muslims catch up to them?

In 750 Ce

The conflict where a faction of Arabs, with the support of many non-Arab Muslims were able to successfully revolted against the Umayyad was called what?

The Abbasid Revolution

The Abbasid Revolution resulted in the creation of?

The Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasids were not able to further territorial expansion, but they were successful in?

Enriching and reforming the caliphate's state administration

What government model did the Abbasids mostly reform to?

The Persian centralized model

What was the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate?

Baghdad

Islam experienced a Golden Age of?

Cultural, religious, scientific, astrological, mathematically, and literary accomplishments

What was the House of Wisdom?

A library (research and educational center) constructed in Baghdad

How did the Abbasids successfully cross the Saharan desert?

Use of camels and caravans

What did crossing the Saharan desert connect and allow for?

Connected the Islamic world with the kingdoms of West Africa, as well as their gold, copper, salt, and large-scale slave trade

How did the caliphate sit economically and how did that benefit them?

The caliphate sat at the center of the Afro-Eurasia world, benefiting tremendously from the knowledge, goods, and wealth exchanged through the Old World

How far did Islam reach by the 9th-century Ce and what did that do?

Reached far into Central Asia, South Asia, North Africa, West Africa, East Africa, parts of Europe, converting several key ethnic groups to the Islamic faith in its wake

True or False: Disputes over the rightful caliph had NOT plagued the Muslim world since Muhammad's death

False: they did

What did disputes over the rightful caliph result in?

A violent religious split between the Sunni and Shi'a Muslim

What made it extremely difficult to maintain military and administrative hegemony (influence) across a multitude of ethnic groups?

Theological disputes, civil and political disputes

What resulted in the Abbasid caliphate losing direct control over most of the Muslim world, while still claiming and maintaining religious authority through its caliph?

Faction splits and regional conflicts

When did the Abbasid Caliphate lose direct control over the Muslim World?

By the 10th century

When did they face the loss of territories east of Egypt?

By the 10th century

When and who caused the destruction of Abbasid military power?

11th century by Seljuk Turks

When and who caused the destruction of the Abbasid capital in Baghdad?

The Mongols in 1258

Where and how long did the Abbasid caliph continue his religious rule from?

The Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt until 1517

Following 1517, the primary military and religious force for Islam would come from who?

the Turkish Ottoman Empire

What did the Turkish Ottoman Empire rule as?

A Sunni Islamic State

Who took over after the Turkish Ottoman Empire as a religious and military force?

The Persian Shi'a state known as the Safavid Dynasty

True or False: Islam continued to expand across the trade routes of the Indian Ocean to West Africa, East Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Indonesia by trade and diasporic migration, thus setting the foundations for what is today the Muslim world

True