Acts, Laws, Amendments, & Court Cases- EOC REVIEW

Indian Removal Act

law passed in 1830 that forced many Native American nations to move west of the Mississippi River

Homestead Act

1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens willing to live on and cultivate it for five years

Black Codes

Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves

Kormematsu v United States

Court Case where a Japanese American refused to go to an internment camp because he was a citizen. Supreme Court ruled in U.S. favor to protect "all" Americans instead of one group

Plessy v. Ferguson

"separate but equal" doctrine supreme court upheld the constitutionally of jim crow laws/segregation

16th Amendment

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

17th Amendment

Direct election of senators

24th Amendment

Abolishes poll taxes

21st Amendment

Repeal of Prohibition

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

13th Amendment

abolished slavery

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

Reconstruction Acts

GI Bill

law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher education

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

14 Points

(1918) President Woodrow Wilson's plan for organizing post World War I Europe and for avoiding future wars.

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization)

defensive alliance aimed at preventing communist aggression in Asia

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and their satellite states. This was in response to the NATO

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

Military alliance created in 1949 made up of 12 non-Communist countries including the United States that support each other if attacked.

Executive Order 9066

2/19/42; 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion

Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907

Agreement between the United States and Japan that allowed Japanese to emigrate to U.S. ONLY if they had family here. October 11, 1906, the San Francisco school board arranged for all Asian children to be placed in a segregated school.

Pendleton Service Act

1883 law by Chester Arthur that created a Civil Service Commission and a civil service exam

Selective Service Act

act passed by Congress in 1917 authorizing a draft of men for military service

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended WW1.

B- Germany had to take the blame

R- Germany had to pay money to Allies

A- Germany had to give up most of their military

T- Central Powers had to be redrawn smaller and give up their territories/colonies

Roe v. Wade

(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

Title IX of Education Act of 1972

Prohibited gender discrimination in federally funded education programs

Interstate Highway Act

1956 Eisenhower 20 yr plan to build 41,000 mi of highway, largest public works project in history

Antiquities Act

Allows the President of the United States to create National Monuments;

No involvement of Congress is required, allowing for a fast method of conservation.

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 law that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act

Hepburn Act

1906 law that gave the government the authority to set railroad rates and maximum prices for ferries, bridge tolls, and oil pipelines

Geneva Accords

agreement that divided Vietnam into North and South

SALT-I

Treaty signed in 1972 between the U.S. and the USSR. This agreement limited the number of missiles in each nation and led to the SALT II discussions and a slowdown of the arms race between the two countries.

SALT-II

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty agreement between Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and American president Jimmy Carter. Despite an accord to limit weapons between the two leaders, the agreement was ultimately scuttled in the U.S. Senate following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979.

Disenfranchisement Laws

Southern states enacted amendments to prevent blacks from voting by being indirect and not saying it was on account of race

Jim Crow Laws

State laws in the South that legalized segregation.

Nuremburg Trials

a series of trials for the prosecution of the prominent leaders of Nazi Germany for the Holocaust

Nuremburg Laws

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.

Potsdam Conference

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

Lend-Lease Act

The laws passed by the U.S. allowing us to give aid to our Allies in early WWII

Civil Rights Act of 1964

This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.

Dawes Act

1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners IF they assimilated

Meat Inspection Act

1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.

Zimmerman Telegram

This was sent by Germans to encourage a Mexican attack against the United States. Intercepted by the US and made us join WW1

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

treaty between Russia and Germany that would end Russia's involvement in WWI in 1917

Schenck v. United States

Supreme court decides that any actions taken that present a "clear and present danger" to the public or government isn't allowed, this can limit free speech

Johnson Debt Default Act

1934- prohibited any loans ( including private ones) to any government that had defaulted on its World War I debts to the United States

Non-Aggression Pact

1939-Secret agreement between German leader Hitler and Soviet Leader Stalin not to attack one another and to divide Poland

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Indian Self-Determination Act

Gave reservations and tribal lands greater control over internal programs, education, and law enforcement.

Paris Peace Accords

1973 peace agreement between the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Vietcong that effectively ended the Vietnam War.

Sherman Antitrust Act

an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States by Teddy Roosevelt

National Park Service Organic Act

Established the National Park Service to manage the National Parks.

Foraker Act

law establishing a civil government in Puerto Rico

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Interstate Commerce Act

1887 law passed to regulate railroad and other interstate businesses

Teller Amendment

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

Platt Amendment

Allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba and gave the United States control of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay

Treaty of Paris 1898

- concluded the Spanish American War

- America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philipines.

- Cuba was freed from Spain.

National Reclamation Act

gave the federal government the power to decide where and how water would be distributed

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson's policy that, promoted business modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking.

Butler Act

Law in Tennessee that prohibited the teaching of evolution in public schools

Sedition Act

1918 law that made it illegal to criticize the government

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

This law restricted immigration to 3% of each nationality that was in the United States in 1910.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

Detente

the easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between countries.

INF Treaty

Reagan and Gorbachev signed this treaty, which provided for the dismantling of all intermediate range nuclear weapons in Russia and all of Europe.

Federal Reserve Act

This act established the Federal System, which established 12 distinct reserve to be controlled by the banks in each district; in addition, a Federal Reserve board was established to regulate the entire structure; improved public confidence in the banking system.

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Square Deal (3 C's)

Theodore Roosevelt's promise of fair and equal treatment for all:

- Controlling Corporations

- Consumer Protection

- Conservation of Natural Resources

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII.