Pe- applied anatomy and phyisology

gcse pe aqa topic 1

describe long bones

bones that are longer than they are wide, which allow for gross movement

describe flat bone

bones that are thin and plate like providing protection to large surfaces/ organs

describe short bones

bones that are box shaped providing finer controlled movements and bare weight

describe irregular bones

unusually shaped bone with a unique purpose

which of the following are long bones

metacarpals/tarsals

what are the functions of the skeletal system

• support

• protection

• structural shape + muscle attachment

• movement

• mineral storage

• blood cell production

what is the support function of the skeleton?

bones are solid and rigid, they keep us upright and they hold the rest of the body in place

what is the protection function of the skeleton

many bones act as rigid shells- protecting vital organs and nervous systems, important for long-term health, reduces injury chances

structural shape+ muscle attachment function of the skeleton

the skeleton gives us our general height, shape and build, bones provide a surface for muscles to attach via tendons

movement function of skeletal system

skeleton helps the body move by providing anchor points for muscles to pull against, without joints you would not move

mineral storage function of skeletal system

minerals such s calcium and phosphorus are stored in the bones. the minerals are essential for vital bodily functions, helps athlete to stay healthy- improving performance

blood cell production function of skeletal system

red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow in long bones and ribs. red blood cells are important in aerobic activities to carry oxygen to the working muscles

example of support function of skeleton in sport

the femur is a long bone which supports the body to be kept upright. when kicking a football the femur helps to kick the ball as it is rigid it wont bend or snap

example of protection function of skeleton in sport

the cranium protects the brain so when heading a football the cranium protects the brain from impact of the ball

example of movement function of skeleton in sport

the femur and tibia allow movement around patella in the knee, as a form of bending so when jumping on a trampoline you are able to bend your knee to release impact when you land

describe how the synovial joint is adapted to allow sufficient movement to take place

• surrounding the joint is a tough joint capsule that is lined with a synovial membrane

• the outer layer of the capsule often includes ligaments that strengthen the join to prevent unnecessary movements and possible dislocations

• synovial membrane produces synovial fluid that lubricates the joints to reduce friction and wear

• small bags of synovial fluid known as bursae surround the joint to reduce friction from movement across tendons across the surface of joint

what is the main function of ligaments

prevent unnecessary movement and possible dislocation

what is the main function of the cartilage

to prevent friction between bones

where are hinge joints found

knee, ankle, elbow

where are ball and socket joints found

shoulder, hip

describe the knee joint

• a hinge joint formed between femur and tibia

• have a meniscus to prevent collision of the leg bones

• strong ligaments which make sure knee is in correct position

• movements are flexion and extension

describe the elbow joint

• a hinge joint that is formed between the humerus, ulna and radius

• this allows the lower arm to perform flexion and extension

• ligament surround the joint maintaining stability

describe the ankle joint

• hinge joint that is formed between tibia and fibula and the talus

• the ligaments work to together to limit extreme movements and dislocation

• movements occurring are plantar flexion and dorsi flexion

describe the shoulder joint

• ball and socket joint formed between the humerus and scapula

• the round head of the humerus forms a ball and socket joint with a cup-like depression of the scapula

• vulnerable to dislocation

• movements occurring: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

describe the hip joint

• ball and socket joint forming when the femur meets pelvis

• the head of the femur fits into the depression in the pelvis

• movements: abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation, flexion, extension

name the three types of muscles

cardiac, skeletal, smooth

describe the skeletal muscles (voluntary)

• attach to bones via tendons

• work under conscious control

• crucial in creating movement

describe the smooth (involuntary) muscles

• not under direct control

• located through the middle layer of blood vessels, and the digestive system

• plays important role in redistributing blood- vascular shunting

describe the cardiac muscles

• found in heart

• not under conscious control

• allow pumping action which circulates blood around body

• causes heartbeat

which of these muscles is found at the shoulder joint

deltoid

describe how movement is created

muscle contracts, pulls on bone, angle of joint alters, movement produced

what is the agonist

contracting muscle

what is the antagonist

releaxing muscle allwoing movement

what is an isometric contraction

muscle contraction where the length of the muscle does not alter

what is a isotonic contraction

muscle contraction resulting in limb movement

what is isotonic concentric

shortening of muscle

what is isotonic eccentric

lengthening of muscle

give an example of concentric muscle contraction

bicep muscle contract to lift weight during upwards phase of bicep curl

what muscle fibre is good for long distance

type 1- slow twitch

what muscle fibre is good for 400/800m races

type 2 a- fast twitch

what muscle fibre is good for short sprints

type 2x- fast twitch