Jen Midterm 2 Study Guide UGH

Multiple tender masses.

              Swelling and tenderness (cyclical discomfort)

              Mastalgia (cyclical and noncyclical)

              Nodularity (lumpiness)

              Round, lobular lumps

              Nipple discharge

              Infections and inflammations

              Pain may be dull, heavy, and cyclical or just before menses as nodules enlarge

              No skin retraction

Signs and symptoms of benign breast lump: [9]

Solitary unilateral nontender mass

              Single focus in one area

              Solid, hard, dense, and fixed to underlying tissues or skin

              Irregular borders and poorly delineated

              Grows constantly

              Often painless but may cause pain

              Irregular, star shaped lump

Signs and symptoms of breast cancer: [7]

firm or hard irregular axillary nodes; skin dimpling; nipple retraction, elevation, and discharge

As breast cancer advances, signs include: [5]

Deep veins of the leg, thigh, or pelvis, but can also occur in the arm.

1.      What areas of the body may be impacted by deep vein thrombosis?

Congestive heart failure

CHF

Apex

Bottom of the heart

Base

Top of the heart

Precordium

: area of the anterior chest overlying the heart and great vessels

Mediastinum

-      : between lungs, cavity houses heart, middle third of the thoracic cage

-        the right ventricle:

immediately behind the sternum and forms the greatest area of anterior cardiac surface.

-        Left ventricle:

lies behind the right ventricle and forms the apex and slender area of the left border

-        Right atrium:

lies to the right and above the right ventricle and forms the right border

-        left atrium:

located posteriorly, with only a small portion, the left atrial appendage, showing anteriorly.

Hypertension

high blood pressure

Tachycardia

Fast heart rate

DVT: Deep vein thrombosis.

Blood clot in a deep vein. Pain, swelling, throbbing in area, redness, warmth. Caused by bedrest, flying, or being still for too long. Danger: clots can dislodge and go to lungs.

Can dislodge and travel to lungs (pulmonary embolism)

Danger of DVT:

Thrombus:

blood clot hinders blood flow, forms in vein or artery. Development of a thrombus is thrombosis.

Embolus

: moves with blood flow, blocks the flow of blood when it comes across a vessel that is too small for it.

lifestyle, diet, weight, etc.

Examples of Modifiable risk factors

age, genetics, ethnicity, etc.

Non-modifiable risk factors

less blood flow, wounds take longer to heal.

Decreased circulation and wound implication

between the second and sixth ribs, extending from the side o the sternum to the midaxillary line

Where are the breasts located?

-        Tail of spence:

superior lateral corner of breast tissue, projects up and laterally into the axilla

Nipple

: just below centre. Rough, round, protuberant: the surface looks wrinkled and is indented with tiny milk duct openings

-        Areola

: surrounds the nipple. Small elevated sebaceous glands secrete protective lipid material during lactation.

1.      Upper inner quadrant

2.      Upper outer quadrant

3.      Lower outer quadrant

4.      Lower inner quadrant

5.      Axillary tail of spence

Regions of the breast: [5]

Female sex, age between 50 and 69 years

Personal history of breast cancer

Family history of breast cancer

Dense breasts

BRCA gene mutation

Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry

Specific rare genetic conditions

Early menarche (before age 11 years) or late menopause (age 55 or older)

Exposure to ionizing radiation

Atypical hyperplasia

Tall adult height

Unmodifiable breast cancer risk factors[12]

Nulliparity or first child after age 30 years

Hormonal contraceptive use

Hormone replacement therapy

Alcohol intake of ≥1 drink daily

Obesity

High socioeconomic status

modifiable breast cancer risk factors [6]

Physical inactivity

Adult weight gain

Smoking and secondhand smoke exposure

High birth weight

Night shift work

Certain benign breast conditions

 

Possible breast cancer risk factors: [6]

Lordosis:

in pregnant women, the center of balance shifts forward. Compensates by shifting weight back on the lower extremities. Creates strain on the lower back muscles.

Kyphosis:

Exaggerated, forward rounding of the upper back. In older adults, due to weakness in the spinal bones that causes them to compress or crack. Teens or infants due to malformation of the spine or wedging of the spinal bones over time.  

Scoliosis:

sideways curve of the spine. Most cause is unknown, can be from degeneration of the skinal disks, osteoporosis, or hereditary conditions

Spina Bifida:

Neural tube defect that causes a gap in the spine. When a baby’s spine and spinal cord do not develop properly in the womb. Causes moderate to severe disabilities, may have nerve damage or intellectual disabilities.

Osteoporosis

: After 40, resorption occurs more rapidly than deposition in bones. Net effect is loss of bone density.

Osteoarthritis:

Degenerative joint disease, where cartilage in the joints break down over time. A chronic disease most common in older people.

Hip dysplasia:

Occurs when the acetabulum is too shallow to support the femoral head. Limp or hip pain may be present, or first sign is knee pain. May hear a clicking sound. Discovered often in adolescence or adulthood.

bduction/adduction in the plane of the scapula,

extension/flexion in sagittal plane,

internal/external rotation,

circumduction

Shoulder joint movements [4]

modified hinge joint.

1. Extension/flexion

2. lateral/medial rotation

Knee joint movements:

cervical flexion/extension,

cervical rotation,

cervical side bending

Head/neck joint movements: [3]

flexion/extension,

supination/pronation

elbow joint movements: [2]

plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, , inversion/eversion

Ankle joint movements [3]

1. Flexion/extension

2. Abduction/adduction

Hand/wrist joint movements: [2]

Thoracic cage:

bony structure with a conical shape, narrower at the top.

Diaphragm

: bottom of the thoracic cage

Costochondral joints:

points at which ribs join their cartiages (not palpable)

Suprasternal notch:

Hollow u-shaped depression just above the sternum, between the clavicals

Sternum

Breast bone

Sternal angle/angle of louis:

articulation of the manubrium and body of the sternum, it is continuous with the second rib. Useful to start counting ribs

Costal angle:

Right and left costal margins form an angle where they meet at the xiphoid process. Usually 90 degrees or less

Vertebra prominens:

starts at base of the neck, spinous process of C7.

Inferior border of the scapula:

Scapula are located symmetricaly in each hemithorax. The lower tip is usually at the level of the seventh or eighth rib.

Lobes of the lungs

 Right upper lobe

Right middle love

Left upper lobe

Left lower lobe

Lobes of the lungs: [5]