ap psych unit 0

Socrates + Plato

mind and body are separate, mind continues after death, knowledge is innate

Aristotle

knowledge grows from experiences stored in our memories

Descartes

agreed w/ Socrates and Plato, studied nerve paths in animal brain

Locke

the mind at birth is a (tabula rosa) blank slate

Wundt

father of psychology, 1st psych lab in leipzig

empiricism

bacon + locke, knowledge comes from experience and observation enables scientifc knowledge

structuralism

wundt + titchner, elements of mind structure w/ introspection

fucntionalism

james + darwin, explores mental fucntion processes and how they adapt

behaviorism

watson + skinner, view that psych should be am objective studying behavior w/o reference to mental processes

introspection

the process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one's own psychological processes

margaret washburn

first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology

nature nurture issue

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors

biopsychosocial approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

behavioral perspective

how we learn observable responses

biological perspective

how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences; how genes combine with environment to influence individual differences

cognitive perspective

how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

evolutionary perspective

how the natural selection of traits has promoted survival of genes

humanisitic perspective

(rogers + maslow) achieve personal growth and self fulfillment

psychodynamic perspective

(sigmund freud) how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

social-cultural perspective

how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

SQ3R

a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

psychometrics

study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

human factors psychology

focus on the interaction of people, machines, and physical environments

social psychology

studies how think, influence, and relate to one another

industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology

the application of psychological concepts to work settings

health psychology

promote health and prevent disease

community psychology

enhance environmental settings and study broad mental health problems within a community

operational definiton

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study

descriptive methods

describe behaviors, often by using case studies/ surveys/ naturalistic observations- no manipulation

correlational methods

associate different factors or variables- no manipulation

experimental methods

manipulate factors to discover their effects- manipulate ind. variable

sampling bias

a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

correlational coefficent

a statistical measure of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)

negative correlation

as one variable increases, the other decreases

positive correlation

2 variables increase/decrease together

illusory correlation

percieving a relationship where none exists

regression towards the mean

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average.

independent variable

factor being manipulated

dependent variable

The measurable effect or outcome

confounding variable

a factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study's results

skewed distribution

a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

measure of central tendency

a single score that represents a whole set of scores

standard deviation

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score (packed together or dispersed)

statistical significance

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

scientiifc attitude 3 elements

curiosity, humility, skepticism

human research ethics

informed consent, protection from harm/discomfort, confidentiality, full debriefing, right to withdraw