Abnormal Psychology CH 10; E3

personality disorder

chronic interpersonal difficulties, problems with one’s identity or sense of self, and an inability to function adequately in society

cluster a

paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal; odd or eccentric, with unusual behavior ranging from distrust and suspiciousness to social detachment.

cluster b

histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, and borderline; dramatic, emotional, and erratic.

cluster c

avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive; anxiety and fearfulness.

cluster c (7%)

which cluster is most common

epidemiological studies

designed to establish the prevalence (number of cases) of a particular disorder in a very large sample (usually many thousands) of people living in the community.

anxiety disorders, mood disorders, substance use problems, and sexual difficulties

what disorders are comorbid with personality disorders

neuroticism

negative affectivity

paranoid personality disorder

suspicious and distrustful of others, often reading hidden meanings into ordinary remarks

schizoid personality disorder

a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings; prefer being alone; linked with autism

schizotypal personality disorder

a pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior; linked with schizophrenia

histrionic personality disorder

feel unappreciated if they are not the center of attention; their lively, dramatic, and excessively extraverted styles often ensure that they can charm others into attending to them

narcissistic personality disorder

exaggerated sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with being admired, and a lack of empathy for the feelings of others

grandiose narcissism

aggression, and dominance; overestimate one’s own abilities and accomplishments while underestimating the abilities and accomplishments of others

vulnerable narcissism

very fragile and unstable sense of self-esteem, and for these individuals, arrogance and condescension is merely a façade for intense shame and hypersensitivity to rejection and criticism

antisocial personality disorder

pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, occurring since age 15 years

boderline personality disorder

behavior characterized by impulsivity and instability in their interpersonal relationships, their self-image, and their moods. a central characteristic is affective instability and impulsivity

avoidant personality disorder

social inhibition and introversion, leading to lifelong patterns of limited social relationships and reluctance to enter into social interactions but desire affection and are lonely

dependent personality disorder

extreme need to be taken care of, which leads to clinging and submissive behavior; acute fear at the possibility of separation or sometimes of simply having to be alone because they see themselves as inept

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (ocpd)

pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency

paranoid thinking

i cannot trust people.

schizoid thinking

relationships are messy, undesirable.

schizotypal thinking

it’s better to be isolated from others.

histrionic thinking

people are there to serve or admire me.

narcissistic thinking

since i am special, i deserve special rules.

antisocial thinking

i am entitled to break rules.

boderline thinking

i deserve to be punished.

avoidant thinking

if people know the “real” me, they will reject me.

dependent thinking

i need people to survive, be happy.

obsessive-compulsive thinking

people should do better, try harder.

dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

encourage patients to accept this negative affect without engaging in self-destructive or other maladaptive behaviors; problem-focused treatment based on a clear hierarchy of goals, which prioritizes decreasing suicidal and self-injurious behavior and increasing coping skills.

transference-focused psychotherapy

strengthening the weak egos of individuals, with a particular focus on their primary primitive defense mechanism of splitting.

splitting

black and white thinking

personality

unique relatively enduring aspects of a person's character that influence behavior in different situations

personality traits

enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself, and are exhibited in a wide range of important social and personal contexts

maladaptive behaviors are stable across time

criterion for a personality disorder diagnosis?

theodore millon

personality disorders are embedded in biology

social tension and employment

threats usually come from

ego-syntonic

not experienced as problematic by person

parent-child attachment relationships

one hypothesis of psychological contributions to the development of personality disorders is

counter--transference reaction

another person's reaction to the one with a PD

10

% of population with PDs

difficulties in diagnosing PDs

1. criteria not as defined/overlapping features
2. hard to identify developmental cause of PDs

anhedonia

restricted emotional expression

paranoid PD

hannah is suspicious and doubts the loyalty of even her friends. she is unwilling to forgive perceived insults and never lets go of a grudge. she most likely has...

need for attention and manipulation is likely to drive others away

like many with PDs, those with histrionic PD have a hard time maintaining relationships. why?

'if i am not fun they will abandon me'

which is a core belief in explaining the development of histrionic PD?

parental overvaluation

how could grandiose narcissism develop?

abuse with controlling, cold parents

how could vulnerable narcissism develop?

difference between psychopathy and ASPD

psychopathy is more narrow and focused on personality structure while ASPD includes criminality

ADHD

___ is a precursor to ASPD

emotional dysregulation and instability

hallmark of borderline PD

avoidant

farrah says 'i want to be in a relationship. my life is boring and lonely. but i am shy and would fall apart if a man criticized me.' this matches the symptoms of...

dependent

emma calls her husband every day to ask what she should make for dinner. she worries something will go wrong that she couldn't handle. she is talented at art but believes she isn't good. emma has...

introvert, loner, independent

if we like a person with schizoid PD or see it in ourselves we say...

gregarious, extroverted, intense, charming

if we like a person with histronic PD or see it in ourselves we say...

competitive and uninhibited

if we like a person with antisocial PD or see it in ourselves we say...

unrestrained, brave, dramatic

if we like a person with borderline PD or see it in ourselves we say...

sensitive and introverted

if we like a person with avoidant PD or see it in ourselves we say...

cooperative and agreeable

if we like a person with dependent PD or see it in ourselves we say...

disciplined and controlled

if we like a person with obsessive compulsive PD or see it in ourselves we say...