Ap world vocab unit 6

AP EXAM REVIEW

Colonial Service

British colonial government services; the administrative, bureaucratic, and military network employed by European imperial powers to manage, govern, and exploit colonies during the era of imperialism

• The British government service that administered most of Britain's overseas possessions

Taiping Rebellion

(1850-1864) A massive rebellion led by failed civil servant applicant Hong Xiuquan, along with peasants and workers, in attempts to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and reform the government based on an interpretation of Christianity; the Qing Dynasty's victory with French and British intervention

Indentured servants

Immigrants who received passage to America in exchange for a fixed term of labor.

• People who agreed to work for a set number of years in exchange for freedom or passage to a new land

Colonization Society

An elite-driven organization aimed at promoting overseas emigration and territorial expansion as a national project during the Meiji era; established in 1893, leaders began plans to establish colonies in Mexico and Latin America. Established by the Japanese government in 1893 to acquire an overseas empire. It aimed to export Japan's surplus population as well as commercial goods.

• A Japanese government initiative established in 1893 for the purpose of encouraging overseas creation of colonies to expand the Japanese empire, attempts to establish colonies in Mexico and Peru were present

Penal colony

A remote, often overseas settlement used by imperial powers to exile convicts, providing forced labor for colonial development while separating criminals from society. One was established in Australia by the British in 1788.

Diaspora

The voluntary or forced scattering of a population from their original homeland to various, often distant, regions; most were the result of poverty, political conditions, or famine.

• Dispersion/emigration of many people from their homeland to various locations around the world

Great Famine

Also known as the Irish Potato Famine, was a devastating period of mass starvation and disease in Ireland from 1845 to 1849, primarily caused by the potato blight that destroyed the Irish population's staple crop; as many as 3 million people emigrated from Ireland. Most went to the United States.

• (1845-1849) a devastating period of mass starvation and disease in Ireland caused from a great potato crop shortage, causing as many as 3 million Irish to immigrate to the United States, England, Scotland, Canada, and Australia

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) U.S. federal law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers to the United States, demonstrating U.S. discrimination; originally limited to a ten year period, permanent in 1902, repealed in 1943

White Australia Policy

A policy that intentionally restricted non-white immigration to Australia

• A set of historical policies that aimed at restricting non-European immigration to Australia during the late 19th century until the mid-20th century

Gold Rush

A massive global migration of over 300,000 people ("forty-niners") to California following James W. Marshall's gold discovery at Sutter's Mill; a period from 1848-1856, when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.

• (1848-1850s) a period of rapid migration and settlement triggered by the discovery of gold deposits, prominently in the United States with California, for the purpose of seeking fortune

Scots Irish

Descendants of Scottish Protestants who settled in Ireland during the 17th century and later migrated to North America, particularly in the 18th century. Before the American Revolution, most Irish who came to North America were Protestant descendants of Scots who had previously migrated to Ireland.

Ethnic Enclaves

Clusters or neighborhoods of people from the same foreign country, formed in major cities; often continuing to express their cultural traditions within the larger society

Natal Indian Congress

A political organization founded in 1894 by Mahatma Gandhi in South Africa to fight discrimination against Indian immigrants; worked to expose to the world the rampant discrimination against Indians in South Africa and advoacted for the promotion of Indian immigrant rights

Kangani system

A labor system under which entire families were recruited to work on tea, coffee, and rubber plantations in Ceylon, Burma, and Malaya. This system eventually replaced indentured servitude.

• A labor recruitment method used in the British Southeast Asian colonies where entire families were recruited to work on tea, coffee, and rubber plantations under a trusted foreman who oversaw the operation; it replaced indentured servitude

  
  

Influx of Chinese restriction act

(1867) an act passed by the New South Wales Parliament that attempted to restrict Chinese immigration by means of an entrance tax

Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago

Caribbean islands where many Indians were sent to work on sugar plantations; Indians comprise of the largest ethnic group in these islands, and contributed the blending of cultures with the populations from other foreign migrants and natives

Mauritius and Natal

Two African colonies that many British sent Indian indentured servants to for labor on sugar plantations and railway construction

Chinese Immigration Act of 1855

(1855) an act passed by the province of Victoria in Australia that limited the number of Chinese who could come ashore from each ship, one Chinese per 10 tons of cargo

Imperialism

The policy of expanding a nation's power, authority, and influence over foreign territories through diplomacy or military force. A strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

• A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force, typically one nation over another

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country; with a strong sense of identity and loyalty to a state, many powers boldly asserted authority over other territories.

Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

A war between China and Japan for influence, power, and territory; Japan asserted its nationalist pride through incursions into Korea. This irritated China, a country that had exerted a strong presence in Korea for centuries. Japan won, gaining control of Korea and seizing Taiwan, which was known as Formosa from the time of Portuguese colonization.

• (1894-1895) imperial conflict between China and Japan over control of the Korean Peninsula; Japanese victory demonstrating imperial strength while exposing China's Qing weaknesses

Formosa

The historical European name for the island of Taiwan, meaning "beautiful island" in Portuguese. The former name of Taiwan from the time of Portuguese colonization in the 16th century until the end of World War II.

Phrenologists

People who studied skull sizes and shapes claimed that a smaller skull size proved mental inferiority of non-White races like Africans, indigenous Americans, and Asians

Social Darwinism

A late-19th-century ideology applying Charles Darwin's "survival of the fittest" theory to human societies, arguing that stronger nations and races were biologically superior and destined to dominate weaker ones.

• Late 19th-century theory that society evolves similarly to Darwin's theory of biological evolution, in which the "fittest" were stronger and likely to survive than the inferior; used to justify imperialism and superiority of Whites

Sierra Leone

A British colony in West Africa that was established in 1787. It was a home for freed people throughout the British Empire who had been enslaved.

• Country in West African coast and a former British colony established in 1787; home for former enslaved people who were freed

Gold Coast

A British Crown colony on the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa, comprising modern-day Ghana.

• Known as Ghana today and a former British colony established in 1874; originally established as a trading post for gold and other natural resources

Congo Free State

A private colony ruled personally by Leopold II, king of Belgium; it was the site of widespread forced labor and killing to ensure the collection of wild rubber and ivory; by 1908, these abuses led to reforms that transferred control to the Belgian government.

• A large area in Central Africa that was privately controlled and owned by Leopold II of Belgium, known for horrific labor conditions and the use of economic exploitation over ivory and rubber

Dutch East Indies

Recognized as Indonesia today, a group of islands in Southeast Asia originally controlled by the Dutch East India Company (VOC), but later controlled by the Dutch state in 1799

Indochina

Late 19th century French colonial territory in Southeast Asia that included Cambodia, Laos, and modern-day Vietnam; served as territory for producing cash crops

Siam

Modern-day Thailand. Managed to escape the clutches of 19th-century European imperialism. The Siamese government also instituted a series of modernizing reforms, similar to Japan's Meiji reforms.

• Modern-day Thailand; it was the only Southeast Asian nation that avoided the impact of 19th century European imperialism, focused on modern reforms and industrialization

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa. European powers agreed on colonial boundaries and the free movement of goods on Africa's major rivers.

Treaty of Waitangi

(1840) agreement between the British crown and Maori chiefs that guaranteed the British protection of Maori individuals and their land rights; today in New Zealand

Scramble for Africa

The rapid invasion, partition, and colonization of nearly the entire African continent by European powers (mainly Britain, France, and Germany) during the era of New Imperialism. The competing efforts of Europeans to colonize Africa.

• Rapid wave of colonization and annexation of African territories by European powers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries

Monroe Doctrine

Issued by President James Monroe in 1823. Stated that European nations should not intervene in the affairs of the countries in the Western Hemisphere. Implied in the doctrine was a desire to be an imperial power in the Americas.

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. A natural and inevitable right to expand to the Pacific Ocean.

• The 19th-century belief that White Americans had the natural and divine right to expand the United States all the way to the Pacific Ocean

Roosevelt Corollary

An addition to the Monroe Doctrine by President Theodore Roosevelt, stating that if countries in Latin America demonstrated "instability", the United States would intervene.

• (1904) extension of the Monroe Doctrine issued by Theodore Roosevelt, asserting that the U.S. could intervene and maintain order if countries in Latin America demonstrated "instability.”

Concentration camps

Detention facilities where people, often prisoners of war, minorities, or those deemed undesirable to the state, are held under harsh living conditions

• At the end of the Boer Wars, the British army drove the Afrikaners and Africans from their lands, forcing many into refugee camps. These settlements were segregated by race. Medical care and sanitation were very poor, and many died of starvation.

Penal colony

A remote, often overseas settlement used by imperial powers to exile convicts, providing forced labor for colonial development while separating criminals from society. One was established in Australia by the British in 1788.

• Colonial settlements for the purpose exile prisoners in order to separate them from the general population; used to address prison overcrowding

Boer Wars

(1880-1881, 1899-1902) Two conflicts between the British and Afrikaners that argued over control of African land and the Boer resistence of British imperial motives in Southern Africa; British victory.

Seven Years' War (1756-1763)

(1756-1763) global conflict primarily between Britain and France that led to power balance shifts and financial strains; France suffered a great defeat that led to debt and loss of colonial influence in North America and South Asia

Taiping Rebellion

(1850-1864) A massive rebellion led by failed civil servant applicant Hong Xiuquen, along with peasants and workers, in attempts to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and reform the government based on an interpretation of Christianity; the Qing Dynasty's victory with French and British intervention

• Revolted because they failed to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners. Internal problems within the Qing government made it easier for foreign countries to dominate the economic affairs of China.

Boxer Rebellion

(1899-1901) rebellion led by an anti-imperialist group known as the Boxers and backed by Empress Dowager Cixi, opposing imperialism and Western influence, including Christianity; the majority killed were Chinese Christians, while only 200-250 foreigners were killed, led to a humiliating Qing loss. The rebellion was crushed by the eight-nation alliance.

Spanish-American War

(1898) conflict between the United States and Spain over American imperial interests and Cuban independence; American victory that added Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines under U.S. control

Spheres of Influence

Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China). Because of superior military strength, European nations carved out spheres of influence within China over which they had exclusive trading rights and access to natural resources.

• Areas in which a foreign power has significant influence over political, economic, and cultural affairs

Afrikaners

Also known as Boers; South Africans who were descendants of predominantly 17th-century Dutch, French Huguenot, and German settlers who lived in Cape Colony

Trail of Tears

The forced relocation of Eastern Woodlands indigenous peoples from the Southeast to a new Indian territory in what is now Oklahoma. Many Native Americans died from exposure, malnutrition, disease, and exhaustion.

• Forced relocation of Native American tribes in the 1830s from the southeastern part of the U.S. to Indian Territory today known as Oklahoma; many died during the journey from disease, malnutrition, and exhaustion

Suez Canal

A canal connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt from the Ottomans in 1882.

• A man-made waterway in Egypt, completed in 1869, that connected the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, acts as a vital passage for trade and significantly shortened the maritime route between Europe and South Asia

Settler colony

A colony that is established by migrants from a colonizing nation or state and that functions to extend and maintain the colonizing power's control over the area

David Livingstone

Scottish missionary and explorer who worked in Sub-Saharan Africa to end the Arab-Swahili slave trade, setting up for European colonization later

Balkan Peninsula

A large peninsula in southern Europe bounded by the Black, Aegean, and Adriatic seas; ethnic nationalism emerged as the peoples of the Balkans sought independence from the Ottoman Empire.

• A mountainous region in Southeastern Europe that has historically been controlled by the Ottoman Empire

Sokoto Caliphate

A large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria. In 1804, a group of Muslim intellectuals led by Usman dan Fodio (1754-1817) started a drive to purify Islam among the Hausa tribes of the region. He started a caliphate with its seat at the new town of Sokoto.

• A West-African Muslim caliphate established by Usman dan Fodio; established the slave trade for economic growth

Asante Empire

An African empire established along the Gold Coast among the Akan people. A powerful, centralized Akan state in West Africa (modern-day Ghana) that grew wealthy through the gold trade and participation in the Atlantic slave trade. Yaa Asantewaa, a mighty warrior queen, led a rebellion against the British. The war ended in September 1900 with a British victory. Yaa Asantewaa was exiled, and Asante (as Ashanti) became part of the Gold Coast colony.

• An empire in present-day Ghana that the British subjugated and incorporated into the Gold Coast following a rebellion by Yaa Asantewaa

Indian Rebellion, 1857-1858

A revolt led by the Sepoy soldiers against British rule in India. Sparked by the use of cow and pig fat in gun cartridges. A widespread, ultimately unsuccessful uprising (1857-1858) against the British East India Company by Indian soldiers (sepoys). This rebellion caused the British to dissolve the Company and establish direct control, initiating the British Raj.

• A rebellion that began because of the misuse of sacred animal products in guns by the British, and was led by the sepoys

Philippine Revolution

A military and political uprising against Spanish colonial rule that began in 1896 and led to the declaration of Philippine independence in 1898. This conflict was driven by a strong sense of nationalism and desire for self-governance.

• An 1896 revolt around Manila that ended in failure due to the Treaty of Paris

• An armed conflict and nationalistic uprising by Filipino revolutionaries, led initially by the secret society Katipunan and later Emilio Aguinaldo, against 300+ years of Spanish colonial rule

Philippine-American War

(1899-1902) A brutal armed conflict between the United States and Filipino revolutionaries emerged after the U.S. acquired the Philippines from Spain via the 1898 Treaty of Paris.

• A war between Philippine nationalists and the U.S. that resulted in a U.S. victory

Maori Wars

(1845-1872) Also known as the New Zealand Wars or Land Wars, were a series of armed conflicts between British colonial forces/settlers and various Māori tribes. Driven by disputes over land ownership, sovereignty, and breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi.

• Wars between the natives of New Zealand and the British were mostly over the broken property rights of the Maori people

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

The native Xhosa people in the region east of the Cape Colony began to kill their cattle and destroy their crops in the belief that these actions would cause spirits to remove the British from their lands. The immediate result was famine and the deaths of thousands of people, but the British were not driven out of the area.

• A South African native resistance movement that resulted in the death of some 400,000 cattle, famine, and death.

Anglo-Zulu War

A pivotal 6-month conflict in South Africa where the British Empire invaded the independent Zulu Kingdom, aiming for regional consolidation. Despite a major Zulu victory at Isandlwana, the British defeated the Zulu, leading to the kingdom's annexation into the British Empire.

• Wars between the British and the native Zulu people of South Africa, the British won despite initial Zulu victories

Treaty of Paris

Officially ended the Spanish-American War, signaling the end of Spain's empire in the Americas and Pacific, and the rise of the United States as a global imperial power. Spain ceded Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million, and Cuba became a U.S. protectorate.

• A treaty that ended the Spanish-American War and transferred ownership of the Philippines to America, resulting in the Philippine-American War

Treaty of Waitangi

Gave Britain control over New Zealand. (1840) agreement between the British crown and Maori chiefs that guaranteed the British protection of Maori individuals and their land rights.

• A treaty that promised property rights to the Maori from the British

Proclamation of 1763

Issued by the British after their victory in the French and Indian war; This act reserved all the land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River for Native Americans. This was the first time a European government had recognized the territorial rights of indigenous peoples.

• A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains to protect native land

Indian Removal Act

A law passed in 1830 that forced many Native American nations to move west of the Mississippi River. Forced the Cherokee and other Southeast Native American tribes to relocate to what is now Oklahoma.

• An act passed in 1830 that forced the Cherokee and other Southeast Native American tribes to relocate due to gold being found on their land

Indian National Congress

The premier political organization leading the Indian independence movement against British colonial rule. Formed in 1885 by several British-educated Indians. Though begun as a forum for airing grievances to the colonial government, it quickly began to call for self-rule.

• A movement and political party formed as a forum for airing grievances to the colonial government, but guickly began to call for self-rule

Pan-Africanism

A 20th-century global ideology and political movement promoting solidarity, cultural connection, and unity among all people of African descent, both in Africa and the diaspora; the unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries

• An identity and nationalism shared by western-educated Africans

Sepoys

Indian soldiers under British employ, who made up the majority of the British armed forces in colonial India.

Raj

The period of direct British Crown rule over the Indian subcontinent from 1858 to 1947, following the Indian Rebellion of 1857. From 1858 until India won its independence in 1947, the British Raj, the colonial government, took its orders directly from the British government in London.

• The colonial government or British reign over India

Palm oil, cotton, gold, diamonds

Critical raw materials driven by industrialization, transforming colonies into export-oriented economies

• Natural resources that encouraged the colonization of the world in order to drive industrialization and production

De Beers Mining Company

Britain-based business in South Africa that accounted for 90 percent of the world's diamond production. Founded in 1888 by British imperialist Cecil Rhodes in South Africa, the De Beers Mining Company established a near-monopoly over the global diamond industry. Controlling roughly 90% of diamond production to set global prices and promote diamonds as luxury, high-status goods.

• Owned by British Cecil Rhodes, this company controlled up to 90% of the world's rough diamonds and encouraged colonial mining

Export economies

Systems, prevalent between 1750-1900, heavily reliant on producing and exporting raw materials or cash crops to industrialized nations rather than domestic consumption.

• Colonies or states that rely on exporting goods or resources to support their economy; mostly colonies to support industrialization

Apartheid

A rigid system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa from 1948 to the early 1990s.

• Policies that enforced racism and segregation in South Africa; started by Cecil Rhodes

Treaty of Nanking

Ended the First Opium War between Britain and the Qing Dynasty, marking the first of China's "unequal treaties." The treaty required China to open four additional ports to foreigners (ending the Canton System), cede the island of Hong Kong to Britain, and pay damages. It also forced the Chinese to allow free trade, which the British took to include trade in opium.

• The treaty that ended the opium wars and continued to eat away at Qing sovereignty through treaty ports and the colony of Hong Kong

Opium War

Two mid-19th-century conflicts between Qing Dynasty China and Western powers, primarily Britain, driven by trade imbalances and the illegal British opium trade

• A conflict between Britain and China over Britain's opium trade in China

Pampas

A vast area of grassland and rich soil in south-central South America; a vast, fertile lowland region located primarily in Argentina, characterized by its rich soil and temperate climate, making it one of the most significant agricultural production areas in South America.

• A grasslands region in Argentina and Uruguay that is rich in farmland and resources

Corvee labor

A form of unpaid/forced labor required by a governing authority, often used for public works projects in which individuals are required to work for a certain number of days per year.

• An unpaid labor system required by a governing authority, usually a colonial power for the extraction of natural resources

Banana republics

Central American countries under the economic power of foreign-based corporations. Politically unstable stateswith an economy dependent upon the exportation of a limited-resource product, such as bananas or minerals.

• A politically unstable country, typically in Latin America, whose economy is dependent on a single export (like bananas) and dominated by foreign corporations, primarily from the U.S

Sudan

A region in Northeast Africa that became a focal point of European imperial expansion and Islamic resistance, particularly against British control. It was defined by the Mahdist revolt, a significant anti-colonial movement led by Muhammad Ahmad against British/Egyptian rule.

• A region in northeast Africa that saw revolt from Muhammad Ahmad, who attempted to restore the glory of Islam, was defeated by the British in 1898