Biotechnology and Diagnostic Tests Review

This set of flashcards reviews key concepts discussed in the lecture on biotechnology and diagnostic tests.

What are the two types of diagnostic tests?

Qualitative and quantitative.

What is qualitative testing?

Testing that results in a positive or negative outcome, such as a pregnancy strip test.

What is quantitative testing?

Testing that measures levels on a continuous scale using a metric system.

What does molecular dysregulation entail?

Altered protein expression profiles and measurement of specific biomarkers.

What is a biomarker?

A measurable indicator of biological states, objectively measured and evaluated for normal, pathogenic, or therapeutic responses.

What are some categories of biomarkers?

Genetic, protein, anatomical, histopathological, imaging, and RNA.

What does ELISA stand for?

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

What are the types of ELISAs?

Direct, indirect, competitive, and sandwich ELISAs.

What is gain of function research?

Research that anticipates future threats by studying viral transmissibility to humans.

What is the purpose of therapeutics?

To alleviate or intervene with symptoms, combat injury, and prevent or treat diseases.

What is DIS value?

The balance between present symptoms, disabilities, and future prognosis.

What are small molecule drugs?

Chemically synthesized drugs that make up about 90% of drugs on the market.

What are the advantages of small molecule drugs?

Familiarity to doctors and patients, smaller molecular weight, and cost-effectiveness.

What is rational drug design?

A method also known as computer-aided drug design that simulates drug-molecule interactions.

What are the four major steps in biotechnology drug development?

Target identification, target assessment, lead identification, and lead optimization.

What does ADME stand for?

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

What are biopharmaceuticals?

Large complex proteins or molecules made through biotechnology, often used for treating specific diseases.

What are some advantages of biopharmaceuticals?

More precise with less off-target effects and less toxicity.

What are some disadvantages of biopharmaceuticals?

They are expensive, complex, not orally active, and have a short half-life.