APHG ch 10 Agriculture Vocab

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38 Terms

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agribusiness

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

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agricultural revolution

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.

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agriculture

The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.

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aquaculture (or aquafarming)

The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions.

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cereal grain

A grass that yields grain for food.

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commercial agriculture

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.

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crop

Any plant gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season.

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crop rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

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dairy farm

A form of commercial agriculture that specializes in the production of milk and other dairy products.

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desertification

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

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dietary energy consumption

The amount of food that an individual consumes, measured in kilocalories (Calories in the United States).

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double cropping

Harvesting twice a year from the same field.

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fishing

The capture of wild fish and other seafood living in the waters.

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food security

Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

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genetically modified organism (GMO)

A living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology.

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grain

Seed of a cereal grass.

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green revolution

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.

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horticulture

The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

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intensive subsistence agriculture

A form of subsistence agriculture characteristics of Asia's major population concentrations in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.

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milkshed

The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.

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mixed crop and livestock farming

Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans.

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no tillage

A farming practice that leaves all of the soil undisturbed and the entire residue of the previous year's harvest left untouched on the fields.

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overfishing

Capturing fish faster than they can produce.

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paddy

The Malay word for wet rice, increasingly used to describe a flooded field.

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pastoral nomadism

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.

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plantation

A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.

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prime agricultural land

The most productive farmland.

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ranching

A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.

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ridge tillage

A system of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation.

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sawah

A flooded field for growing rice.

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shifting cultivation

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.

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slash-and-burn agriculture

Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris.

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subsistence agriculture

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family.

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Swidden

A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.

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transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

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truck farming

Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named for the Middle English word truck, meaning "barter" or "exchange of commodities."

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undernourishment

Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity.

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wet rice

Rice planted on dryland in a nursery, then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth.