History El Fin *gulp*

Charlemagne

a member of the Carolingian dynasty, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and the Emperor of the Romans from 800

Pope Leo 3rd

Pope of Rome from 795 AD-816 AD, supported Charlemagne

Otto the Great

Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 962-973. He expanded the empire through military conquests and diplomacy. He also established a strong centralized government and promoted education and the arts.

Middle Ages

5th to the 15th century, a period characterized by feudalism, religious dominance, and cultural development. It witnessed the rise of powerful kingdoms, the spread of Christianity, the construction of magnificent cathedrals, and the flourishing of art, literature, and philosophy.

Nomads

no fixed location, no towns or cities, usually survives off the land, lives in Gers

Mongols

Ex-nomads that went on to brutally take control of almost all of Asia

Genghis Khan

Born in 1162, unites various clans/tribes. 1212-27-invades northern China, central Asia, southern Russia, northwestern China; divides empire into 4 khanates

Ogodei

Son of Genghis Khan,1229 becomes great Khan, expands empire, allowed local governments to remain, local customs and religions, brought scientists, artisans, and merchants back to Mongol capital Karakorum. Empire at its greatest, dies in 1241

Kublai Khan

1279, takes control of all of China, establishes the Yuan Dynasty. The Chinese government allowed to stay, report to Mongols, Chinese people hated Mongol rule, called them barbarians

Kublai Khan’s accomplishments

* extended the Grand Canal, built roads, improved transportation and trade within China
* Pax Mongolia (peace, law and order) made Silk Road trade safe, encouraged foreign trade
* employed Marco Polo for 20 years

Pax Mongolia

(peace, law and order) made Silk Road trade safe, encouraged foreign trade

Silk Roads

Trade network connecting Asia, Europe, and Africa from 2nd century BCE to 18th century CE. It facilitated cultural exchange, spread of ideas, and commerce. Formally established by Han Dynasty

Postal system

Mongols established a form of postal system, (Yam)

Han dynasty

Dynasty in China that lasted from 206 B.C.E-220 C.E

Tang Dynasty

Dynasty in China that lasted from 618 C.E-906 C.E

Song Dynasty

Dynasty in China that lasted from 960 C.E-1279 C.E

Ming Dynasty

Dynasty in China that lasted from 1368 C.E-1644 C.E

Liu Bang

First Han emperor, started out as peasant Became emperor in 206 BCE, ruled for 20 years Rebel leader

Emperor Wudi

One of the most powerful Han emperors

Emperor Taizong

* Second Tang emperor (626-649)
* Expanded the empire


* Protected Silk Roads
* Translated Buddhist texts.

Tang code

Set of laws created by Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty

Emperor Wu

* Woman who made her own dynasty (Zhou)


* Used mythology, Buddhism, and prophecy to justify her rule.

Emperor Hongwu

First Ming emperor

* Overthrew Mongols and reclaimed China.

Emperor Zhu Di

Second Emperor Took the name Yongle

Emperor Zhengtong

Made conservative changes

Major accomplishments of the Han Dynasty

Government, Education, Paper, Math, and Empire

Major accomplishments of the Tang Dynasty

Chang’an, Architecture, Visual art, and Woodblock Printing

Buddhism

Religion emphasizing on the Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path, and Nirvana. It originated in ancient India and spread across Asia. Spread by the Tang dynasty

Kaifeng

* Capital of northern Song Dynasty in 976


* 1126 - sacked by the Jurchen, using siege towers and gunpowder bombs

Hangzhou

* Capital of the Southern Song Dynasty in 1127


* Became the largest city in the world

Confucianism

A Chinese ethical and philosophical system developed by Confucius emphasizing on moral values, social order, and respect for elders. It stresses on the importance of education, family, and hierarchical relationships in society.

Vikings

People came from Scandinavia, traveled to Scotland, Ireland, England, Germany, France, and Spain, in search of valuable goods to steal

Keivan Russ

a state centered on the trading town of Kiev, was founded by an unknown Viking in the 800s.

Battle of Hastings

Date: October 14, 1066. Place: Near Hastings, England. Who: Norman-French army led by William, Duke of Normandy vs. English army led by King Harold Godwinson. Result: Norman victory, William became King of England. Significance: End of Anglo-Saxon rule in England, beginning of Norman Conquest and Norman influence on English language and culture.

Commercial revolution

A period in 1000 when Europeans started to use money.

The Manor System(Manorialism)

The Economic and social system during medieval Europe where lords owned large estates called manors. Serfs worked the land in exchange for protection and a portion of the crops.

Duchy

the territory of a duke or duchess

Longboats

A special boat used by the vikings that allowed them to sail on small inland rivers

Pope

The head of the Roman Catholic Church

Monastic schools

Schools in which their teachings focused on the Christian Bible and its moral lessons

Cathedral schools

Schools located in a cathedral, that originally taught kids how to become priests and church administrators. Later prepared kids for other careers

Magna Carta

The first document to put into writing the principle that the king and his government was not above the law.

Habeas Corpus

Legal right protecting individuals from unlawful detention or imprisonment. Allows detained individuals to challenge the legality of their detention in court.

Parliament

an assembly of prominent men, summoned at the will of the King once or twice a year, to deal with matters of state and law

Holy Roman Empire

Emperor of the Romans

Germanic Tribes

strong, diverse groups of people with a common language

Zen Buddhism

a Japanese school of Mahayana Buddhism emphasizing the value of meditation and intuition.

Shinto

Japan’s ancient religion

Shogun

General of Japanese army

Daimyo

Wealthy Japanese land owners

Bushido

The code of honor and morals developed by the Japanese samurai.

Feudalism

 a system in which people were given land and protection by people of higher rank, and worked and fought for them in return. 

Ashikaga

 the feudal military government of Japan

Japanese tea ceremony 

A Japanese cultural activity involving the ceremonial preparation and presentation of matcha, powdered green tea, the procedure of which is called temae. 

Khanates

the state or jurisdiction of a khan.

Yuan Dynasty

the first foreign-ruled dynasty in Chinese history to commandeer all of China

Yams

a postal system or supply point route messenger system extensively used and expanded by Ögedei Khan and also used by subsequent Great Khans and Khans

Government

Effective central government, ruled by emperor and prime minister

Education

required tests for government officials

Paper

Spread education and Buddhism

Math

Arithmetic, algebra, geometry -> land surveying, tax collection, civil engineering, wage distribution

Empire

expanded territory through war, opened Silk Road trade routes

Chang’an

Cosmopolitan city

Architecture

wooden buildings, curved tile roofs, towers, raised walkways, bright tiles, gardens with ponds and bridges

Visual art

Blend of Korean and Japanese Buddist, artisans and poets

Woodblock Printing

led to more books, wider circulation, communications revolution. Helped spread education, arts, Buddhism.

Italy

 divided into “city-states”, transition away from church control / the Pope, a republic, governed by guilds (organizations of people in same field of work)

Filippo Brunelleschi

Renaissance architect who designed the dome of Florence Cathedral using innovative techniques such as a double-walled structure and herringbone brick pattern.

Johannes Gutenberg      

Inventor who developed movable type printing press in 1440s. Revolutionized printing, making books more affordable and accessible.

renaissance

Period in European history from 14th to 17th century marked by a renewed interest in classical art, literature, and learning. It led to significant cultural, scientific, and political advancements, and is often considered a bridge between the Middle Ages and modernity.

Michelangelo

Artist who painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and sculpted the statue of David.

Statue of David

Italian Renaissance masterpiece sculpted by Michelangelo between 1501 and 1504, depicting the biblical hero David, embodies the city of Florence, symbolizing independence and strength in the perfect image of youthful beauty. .

Saint Peter’s Basilica

A famous church in Vatican City. It is the largest church in the world and is known for its stunning architecture and art. It is the burial site of many popes, including Saint Peter, who the church is named after. It is a popular tourist destination and is considered a must-visit for those interested in religious history and art.

Leonardo da Vinci

A very skilled artist from the renaissance era. Famous for many paintings such as The Last Supper and The Mona Lisa.

Albrecht Dürer

German Renaissance artist known for his woodcuts and engravings. He was also skilled in painting and mathematics, and his work had a significant influence on the development of European art.

Raphael

Artist who painted in the High Renaissance style, known for his use of vibrant colors and idealized figures. His most famous works include "The School of Athens" and "Sistine Madonna".

School of Athens

A fresco by the Italian Renaissance artist Raphael. The fresco was painted between 1509 and 1511 as a part of Raphael's commission to decorate the rooms now known as the Stanze di Raffaello, in the

Humanism

* “valued active participation in public life”


* “moved the focus away from a life of contemplation and prayer to one that promoted human relationships within society”
* “valued eloquent language and its ability to both persuade and delight”

Desiderius Erasmus

A Dutch philosopher and theologian during the Renaissance. He was a leading figure in humanism and advocated for a return to the original texts of the Bible. He also wrote "The Praise of Folly," a satirical work criticizing the corruption of the Catholic Church.

Catholics / Catholicism

The predominant form of Christianity for 1500 years, church officials interpret the Bible and teach it to worshipper, heaven (salvation) = faith + good works

Indulgences

giving $$ to Catholic Church is a “good work”, so you can pay to get to heaven quicker

Martin Luther

German priest; took issue with indulgences, gatekeeping the Bible / God, 95 Theses (arguments) nailed to Church door, started Lutherism

Lutheranism

* people read and interpret Bible for themselves


* Heaven = faith + that’s it. Just faith.
* democratically-elected clergy

Calvinism

A branch of Protestantism that emphasizes the sovereignty of God, predestination, and the belief in the total depravity of humanity. It was founded by John Calvin in the 16th century and became a dominant religious force in Europe and America

John Calvin

a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation.

Henry VIII

King of England from 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is best known for his six marriages, and his efforts to have his first marriage annulled

Church of England

the established Christian church in England