Chapter 14

Most major hallucinogens fall into which two major molecular structures

tryptamines and phenethylamines

Explain the difference between a hallucination, a delusion, and an illusion

A hallucination is a false sensory experience without a real stimulus, a delusion is a firmly held false belief despite evidence, and an illusion is a misinterpretation of a real external stimulus.

Magic mushrooms draw their hallucinogenic effect from what substance?

psilocybin

MDMA’s chemical structure is composed of a mixture of _________ & _________

timulant (amphetamine-like) and hallucinogen (mescaline-like)

Mescaline can be legally permitted by which populations?

northern Mexican tribes, and by the Southwest Plains Native American tribes

Compare the absorption rate of LSD in the gastrointestinal tract to the rate for the brain.

Absorption of LSD from the gastrointestinal tract is rapid;

But the brain takes up LSD more slowly than any other organ, which makes its onset rather slow (45–60 minutes). Half of the LSD in the blood is such that the concentration of the drug decreases by 50 percent every 3–4 hours

Explain the phenomena of synesthesia

LSD affects the brain stem, causing sensory distortions (seeing sounds, feeling odors or hearing colors

How can low doses of hallucinogens be used therapeutically

Involves medications that increase the functional activity of brain serotonin. increase sensory processing coupled with reduced associative networks in the brain, which may create a different perception of self and environment, allowing patients to be less rigid or ruminate in their thinking

Describe elements and factors of a LSD “bad trip”

A bad LSD trip is a scary and overwhelming experience that can include intense fear, paranoia, disturbing hallucinations, and confusion, often triggered by a person’s mindset, environment, high dose, or mental health.

Identify general toxic effects of hallucinogens

LSD or MDMA have antidepressant prop-erties, their use is not with adverse consequence

What are the aspects of physical dependence and withdrawal from hallucinogens?

does develop daily doses, and in some cases, a lessening of effect can be seen from one dose to another. Some sources have referred to this as astachyphylaxis(rapid tolerance). However, frequent repeated use of LSD is unusual, so tolerance is not commonly seen or well studied.