AP HUG Unit 3 Vocabulary for Test

Culture

Culture

The shared behaviors, beliefs, and objects of a group. Example: Traditional dances or festivals of a community.

Cultural Traits

Elements that make up a culture, both visible and invisible. Example: Language, dress, and food preferences.

Cultural Complex

A group of interrelated traits and behaviors in a culture. Example: The combination of farming practices, tools, and customs associated with agriculture.

Culture Hearths

Locations where distinct cultures originate. Example: The Nile River Valley as a hearth of ancient Egyptian culture.

Diffuse

To spread from one place to another. Example: The spread of pizza from Italy to the United States.

Taboos

Cultural behaviors that are discouraged. Example: Eating pork in Islamic culture.

Traditional Culture

Cultural practices passed down through generations. Example: Folk music and oral storytelling.

Folk Culture

Beliefs and practices of small, rural groups. Example: The Amish community's way of life.

Indigenous Culture

Culture of ethnic groups in their ancestral lands. Example: Native American tribes in the U.S.

Globalization

Increasing interconnectivity among world economies. Example: The rise of multinational corporations.

Popular Culture

Cultural trends that spread quickly across large areas. Example: Pop music and social media trends.

Global Culture

Cultural elements shared internationally. Example: Fast-food chains like McDonald's.

Cultural Landscape

Impact of human activity on the environment. Example: Urban development and farming fields.

Artifacts

Physical objects representing a culture. Example: Tools, clothing, or art pieces.

Material Culture

Physical things defining a culture. Example: Architecture and monuments.

Mentifacts

Ideas and beliefs that shape a culture. Example: Religious beliefs influencing moral laws.

Non-Material Culture

Unobservable aspects of culture, like values. Example: Beliefs in democracy or freedom.

Sociofacts

Social structures that shape culture. Example: Family structures and community organizations.

Placelessness

Loss of unique place identity. Example: Chain stores that look the same worldwide.

Built Environment

Man-made surroundings for human activity. Example: Buildings, parks, and streets.

Traditional Architecture

Building styles rooted in local traditions. Example: Adobe homes in the Southwestern U.S.

Postmodern Architecture

Architecture that departs from modernism's ideas. Example: Unique and eclectic building designs.

Contemporary architecture

Architecture reflecting current trends. Example: Sustainable buildings and green architecture.

Ethnicity

A category of people identifying based on shared traits. Example: Hispanic or Asian ethnicity.

Ethnic Enclaves

Areas where specific ethnic groups live in numbers. Example: Chinatown or Little Italy in cities.

Cultural Regions

Areas defined by similar cultural traits. Example: The American South known for its distinct culture.

Cultural Realms

Larger areas encompassing multiple cultural regions. Example: The Latin American cultural realm.

Sacred place

Locations deemed holy in a culture. Example: Mecca for Muslims.

Diaspora

Dispersion of a cultural group from their homeland. Example: The Jewish diaspora following the Roman Empire.

Charter Group

The dominant cultural group in a society. Example: Anglo-Saxon culture in the United States.

Ethnic Islands

Homogeneous areas where ethnic minorities reside. Example: Scandinavian communities in the Midwest.

Sequent Occupancy

Successive cultures leaving their mark on a landscape. Example: Ancient ruins on modern city sites.

Neolocalism

Revival of local culture in response to globalization. Example: Farmers' markets promoting local produce.

Cultural Patterns

Repeated behaviors or traits in a culture. Example: Shared festive celebrations.

Nationality

Legal identification with a nation. Example: Citizenship status in a country.

Centripetal Forces

Factors that unify a culture. Example: National holidays that bring people together.

Centrifugal forces

Factors that divide a culture. Example: Ethnic conflicts within a region.

Sharia

Islamic law derived from religious texts. Example: Legal systems in some Islamic countries.

Blue Laws

Regulations that restrict activities on specific days. Example: Laws prohibiting alcohol sales on Sundays.

Fundamentalism

Strict adherence to basic beliefs. Example: Religious groups opposing modern secular values.

Theocracies

Governments led by religious authority. Example: Iran's Islamic Republic.

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's culture. Example: Viewing one's culture as the 'normal' standard.

Cultural Relativism

Assessing cultures by their own standards. Example: Understanding different marriage practices without judgment.

Cultural appropriation

Adopting elements of one culture by another. Example: Wearing traditional clothing from another culture as fashion.

Diffusion

Spread of cultural elements to new areas. Example: The spread of technology across nations.

Relocation diffusion

Spread of culture through people's movement. Example: Immigrants bringing their customs to a new country.

Expansion diffusion

Spread of cultural traits through a population. Example: Social media trends spreading rapidly.

Contagious diffusion

Rapid, widespread diffusion of cultural traits. Example: Viral challenges on social media.

Hierarchical diffusion

Spread of cultural traits from one authority to others. Example: Fashion trends starting in major cities.

Reverse hierarchical diffusion

Spread beginning with smaller communities. Example: Local trends influencing broader urban cultures.

Stimulus diffusion

When an idea adopts a specific trait without spreading. Example: Adapting an Indian dish with local ingredients.

Imperialism

Extending a country's power through colonization. Example: The British Empire controlling various territories.

Colonialism

Acquiring control over another country. Example: European nations colonizing Africa.

Animism

Belief in spiritual essence in objects and creatures. Example: Indigenous beliefs about nature.

Native Speakers

Individuals who speak a language as their first. Example: A person who speaks Spanish as their primary language.

Lingua franca

Bridge language for communication between speakers. Example: English as a global business language.

Slang

Informal language used within specific groups. Example: Terms used in youth culture.

Pidgin language

Simplified language for communication across languages. Example: Hawaiian Pidgin used in Hawaii.

Creole language

Fully developed language evolving from pidgin. Example: Haitian Creole based on French.

Linguists

Experts in language study. Example: Researchers studying dialects.

Language tree

Visual representation of language relationships. Example: Showing the connection between English and German.

Indo-European language family

Group including related languages like English and Hindi. Example: Languages originating from a common ancestor.

Romance languages

Languages derived from Latin, like French and Spanish. Example: Italian is also a Romance language.

Isoglosses

Boundary lines separating regions based on language. Example: Different terms used for 'soft drink' in the U.S.

Dialects

Regional variations of a language. Example: British English vs. American English.

Adages

Proverbs expressing a general truth. Example: 'A stitch in time saves nine.'

Toponyms

Place names reflecting cultural characteristics. Example: Names like 'Washington' reflecting historical figures.

Official language

Language recognized for official use by a government. Example: French in France.

Homogeneous

Made up of similar elements. Example: A population predominantly of one ethnicity.

Adherents

People supporting a particular belief. Example: Followers of a religion.

Ethnic religions

Religions associated with a specific ethnic group. Example: Hinduism is associated mainly with Indian culture.

Universal religions

Religions seeking to appeal globally. Example: Christianity aims to attract followers worldwide.

Hinduism

Major religion from India with diverse beliefs. Example: Practices include yoga and meditation.

Polytheistic

Belief in multiple gods. Example: Hindu beliefs in many deities.

Monotheistic

Belief in a single god. Example: Christianity.

Karma

Belief in moral cause and effect of actions. Example: Good actions lead to positive results in one's life.

Caste system

Social hierarchy in Hindu society. Example: The division into Brahmins, Kshatriyas, etc.

Buddhism

Religion based on the teachings of Buddha. Example: Meditation and following the Eightfold Path.

Sikhism

Monotheistic religion from the Punjab region. Example: Emphasis on service and equality among all.

Gurdwara

Place of worship in Sikhism. Example: The Golden Temple in Amritsar.

Judaism

Monotheistic religion of the Jewish people. Example: Celebrations like Passover and Yom Kippur.

Christianity

Monotheistic religion based on Jesus Christ's teachings. Example: Frequent practices include attending church services.

Islam

Monotheistic religion founded on teachings of Muhammad. Example: Five Pillars of Islam guide Muslim practice.

Pilgrimage

Religious journey to a sacred place. Example: Hajj to Mecca in Islam.