Ch 11 - Market power: Perfect competition and monopolistic competition
- Perfect competition: firms organise inputs/factors of production in order to produce outputs which they can sell
- A firm which is perfectly competitive is called a price taker, meaning that in order to sell goods, it has to accept the price it is set at due to its equilibrium.
- This is the case because if a firm raises its prices more than its competitors, they will lose competitive advantage and be substituted with another firm, regardless of the quality of the product. This is opportunity cost, as they lose the consumer’s attention in order to increase prices.
- Firms will not sell above or below the equilibrium price.
- Perfect competition occurs when firms sell products which are identical to each other, and there is easy access and exit of firms
- A market structure is known as the state of the market depending on the products being sold, and the amount of sellers of the products in the market
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- Perfect competition includes:
- Many buyers and sellers
- Homogeneous products: not possible to distinguish between products of different firms
- Freedom of entry and exist: firms can enter and exit the market at any point
- Perfect information: all producers and consumers have access to all information regarding methods of production
- Perfect resource mobility: all resources used for production can be moved from one firm to another at zero cost
- Each firm only sells very small amounts of goods and is not able to influence the price of the good
- Demand and average revenue is determined by market price
- Demand for individual firm's output is perfectly elastic and implies marginal revenue gained from producing additional units of the good is constant and equal to the price of the good
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- Natural monopoly:
- When an industry in which one single firm produces all the output due to economies of scale as its average total cost is falling over a very large scale or output
- The firm is able to make profits at every point in the market because of average revenue exceeds the average cost
- A monopoly has the following characteristics:
- Firms can make long run supernormal profits
- Non availability of close substitutes of the good on the market
- High level of inefficiency
- Singular firm that supplies the product
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Monopolists can maintain their position in the economy due to the fact that there are barriers to market entry
- This keeps established firms on top
Entry barriers:
- Legal barriers
- Brand loyalty
- Resource ownership

Formula:
- Profit = (AR-AC) * q
- Maximum profit is achieved at a point where MC=MR
- No productive efficiency due to the fact that production of the profit maximising output
- The profit formula can tell the firm if it is profiting or not. Profits will be at its highest in a perfectly competitive firm if total revenues exceed total costs by a decent amount.
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Productive efficiency: ability of the firm to produce at the lowest point of the ATC
- The productive efficiency refers to the production of goods and services with no waste. This means that goods are produced at the lowest average cost, leading to increased profits and no waste.
Allocative efficiency: Property of an efficient market where all goods and services are distributed equally among buyers in an economy
- price is equal to the marginal cost of production
- This measures the willingness of consumers to purchase a product and also takes into consideration the social benefits of purchasing the goods.
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