Ch 13: Circulation System

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Biology

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85 Terms

1
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what is a hematocrit?
percent of blood volume that is composed of red blood cells

(^simple definition given in slides)
2
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what is a hemoglobin?
the oxygen carrying component of blood.

(also carries CO2 away from the tissues)
3
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What are three layers in a centrifuge blood sample?

put them in order top to bottom
blood plasma, buffy coat, formed elements
4
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What is the "buffy coat" in a centrifuge blood sample?
buffy coat is composed of platelets and white blood cells
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what is blood plasma?
the fluid portion of blood that consists of water,, ions, proteins, nutrients, hormones waste, etc.
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what are white blood cells used for?
immunity
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what are platelets and what are they used for?
cell fragments for blood clotting
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typically, what do the red and blue vessels of the circulatory system signify?
- red: oxygenated blood (lungs -> body tissues)
-blue: deoxygenated blood (tissues --> lungs)
9
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define myocardium
the muscular tissue of the heart
10
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t/f EACH cardiac muscle cell contracts with a heart beat.
true
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define septum in terms of the heart
what separates the left and right side of the heart
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are ventricles found in the upper or lower parts of the heart?
lower
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ventricles pump blood to where?
into the arteries
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t/f the left and right ventricle contract at different times.
False.
the left and right ventricle contract at the same time
15
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blood from the *right* ventricle goes to where?
right ventricle pumps *deoxygenated* blood to the lungs
(via pulmonary arteries)
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blood from the *left* ventricle goes to where?
left ventricle pumps *oxygenated* blood to the body tissues
(via aorta)
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define aorta
an artery that allows blood to go from the left ventricle to the rest of the systemic circulation
18
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define interventricular septum
septum that separates two ventricle
19
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the superior vena cava delivers blood from the ___ body to the heart
upper body

[think.. superior = upper]
20
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the inferior vena cava delivers blood from the ___ body to the heart
lower body

[think.. inferior = below]
21
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define atrium
upper chamber of the heart the receives venous blood
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the *right* atrium receives blood from where?
from systemic circulation (via the venae cavae)
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the *left* atrium receives blood from where?
Receives blood from the pulmonary circulation
(via pulmonary veins)
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what separates the atrium and ventricles?
connective tissue known as the fibrous skeleton
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what gas do cells produce?
carbon dioxide (CO2)
26
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blood from the left atrium enters the left ventricle through what valve?
the Bicuspid valve
27
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after blood enters the lungs, what part of the heart does it go into?
left atrium

the left side of the heart always contains oxygenated blood]
28
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blood leaves the left ventricle through what valve?
the aortic valve
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blood from the right atrium enters the right ventricle through what valve?
through the tricuspid valve
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blood leaves the right ventricle through what valve?
pulmonary valve
31
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explain the pulmonary circulation pathway.
*deoxygenated* blood leaves the body tissues --> right atrium --> right ventricle --> into the lungs to become oxygenated
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explain the systemic circulation
oxygenated blood from the lungs --> left atrium--> left ventricle --> into the body tissues to transfer oxygen
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while hemoglobins transport oxygen throughout the body, what else do they pick up and where do they deliver it?
carbon dioxide that is delivered to the lungs
34
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what are atrioventricular valves?
valves between the atria and ventricles.
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name the three atrioventricular valves
1. Tricuspid valve
2. Bicuspid valves
36
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explain the characteristics of the tricuspid valves
-three flaps
-between right atrium and ventricle
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explain the characteristics of the bicuspid valves
-two flaps
-between left atrium and ventricle
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how does pressure affect the AV valves?
valves will open and close due to pressure difference
(ex. pressure can push a valve open or force it close)
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what are muscles are valves made of and what do they do?
Papillary muscle // they limit movement to prevent back flow of blood
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name the 2 semilunar valves
1. pulmonary valve
2.aortic valve
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where is the pulmonary valve located?
between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
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where is the aortic valve located?
between the left ventricle and aorta
43
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which valves are larger, AV valves or Semilunar?
AV valves
(because they have to handle the pressure between atrium and the ventricles)
44
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t/f: AV valves close and open due to muscle contraction
false, they open because of pressure, not muscle contraction
45
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t/f: the left and right atria contract at the same time
true
[the same goes for ventricles]
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what is it called when the ventricles contract at the same time?
systole contraction
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define systole
the period of ventricular *contraction* and when blood *ejects*
[point of highest pressure]
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define diastole
the period of ventricular *relaxation* and blood *filling*
[point of lowest pressure]
49
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t/f: blood flows in a a direction of lower pressure to higher pressure
false,
blood flows from high pressure to low pressure
50
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t/f: blood leaves the left and right ventricles at different times
false: the blood leaves both ventricles at the same time

(since they contract at the same time, think of systole)
51
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what are the two heart sounds?
Lub and Dub
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describe the "lub"
-first heart sound
-soft, low pitched
-onset of systole
-caused by AV valve closing
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Describe the "dub"
-second sound
- louder than lub
-caused by semilunar valve closing
-onset of diastole
54
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what is stroke volume?
amount of blood ejected
55
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t/f: people who exercise have lower stroke volume
False, fit people have a higher stroke volume.
[think.. fit people stroke more]
56
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what is the relationship of atria-ventricle pressure in diastole.
when ventricle pressure falls below atrial pressure, that is when the AV valves open.
57
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describe end-diastolic volume (EDV)
how much blood filled ventricles at the end of diastolic
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t/f: volume and pressure are opposites
true, when pressure increases, volume decreases
59
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what initiates depolarization in cardiac cells.
depolarization in sinoatrial (SA) node
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what structure of the heart carries AP from the right atrium?
the AV node
61
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how do APs travel to ventricles
via bundle of His
[his = atrioventricular bundle]
62
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what is an electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
detects electrical activity in the heart via electrodes
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what are the 3 ECG waves?
(in order pls)
-P wave
-QRS waves
-T waves
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what causes the P wave?
atrial depolarization
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what causes QRS wave?
depolarization of the ventricles
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what causes T wave
results from REpolarization of ventricles
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t/f: repolarization causes contraction
false, DEpolarization causes contraction
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in which wave does the first heart sound occur
lub is in the QRS
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where does the 2nd heart sound occur?
in the T wave
70
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what is the function of blood vessels
distribute blood to tissues and regulate blood pressure
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what are blood vessels made of?
connective tissue, smooth muscle and epithelial tissue

(p.s. only capillaries have epithelial tissues)
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how does smooth muscle help blood vessels?
helps control dilation and constriction of blood vessels
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what are arterioles and where are they found
branches of arteries // found between arteries and capillaries
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describe a capillary
-smallest blood vessel
-site of substance exchange between cells and vessels (ie. nutrient n waste)
75
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the vessels between capillaries and veins are called what?
venues
76
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describe the blood vessel pathway
artery --> aterioles --> capillaries --> venule --> veins

[goes in alphabetical order: a-a-c-v-v]
77
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describe the characteristics of arteries
- are strong, thick (in order to withstand pressure since they are the closest to the heart)
-made of elastic walls
-have high pressure/low volume
78
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describe the characteristics of veins
-weak walls
-wider lumen (lumen = open space)
-have low pressure but high volume
-hold 54% of total blood volume
79
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where does vasoconstriction and vasodilation occur?
in the arterioles in order to control the flow of blood in capillaries
80
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what is the structure of capillaries and why is it important to it's function?
made of a single layer of epithelium to allow a rapid exchange of substances
81
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how does blood pump into the heart from veins?
through skeletal muscle pump
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what structure keeps veins flowing one way?
venous valves
83
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what is the function of the coronary artery?
serves as the blood supply for the heart, thus nourishes it.
84
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what is coronary artery disease?
Insufficient blood flow (ischemia) to the heart due to change in artery [causes heart attacks]
85
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what is the main function of the lymphatic system?
-transports excess ISF that is filtered out of blood vessels back to the blood
-transport fat absorbed from the small intestine into the blood
-has lymphocytes to defend against disease
-lymph nodes to remove pathogens in fluid before returning to blood