the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.
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embryo
the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.
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fetus
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.
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teratogens
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
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habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.
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maturation
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience - sitting up, walking, talking, potty training etc.
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schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.
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assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.
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accommodation
(2) in developmental psychology, adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.
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sensorimotor stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. Learn object permanance
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object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived/seen
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preoperational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language and categorizes based on one characteristic - learns conservation, learns to see from another's perspective
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conservation
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.
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egocentrism
in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.
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concrete operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events - would understand conservation
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formal operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
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stranger anxiety
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.
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attachment
\n an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
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critical period
an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.
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gender
the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female.
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primary sex characteristics
the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.
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secondary sex characteristics
nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.
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cross-sectional study
a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.
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longitudinal study
\n research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.
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Kohlberg's Preconventional Stage
Morality driven by (1) punishment and obedience (2) and rewards and praise
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Kohlberg's Conventional Stage
Moral reasoning takes into account parental attitudes and cultural norms
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Kohlberg's Postconventional Stage
Reasoning allows us to criticize society itself - justice is more important than law
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authoritative parenting
parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making
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authoritarian parenting
style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child
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permissive parenting
A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.
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contact comfort theory
Theory of attachment that states that babies are attached to their mothers because of the comfort of their cozy touch - Harry Harlow
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secure attachment style
an attachment style characterized by trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked - plays confidently, distress when caregiver leaves, able to be soothed.
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fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
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crystallized intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
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Trust vs. Mistrust
Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner
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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes anxiety
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Initiative vs. Guilt
\n Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities
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Industry vs. Inferiority
\n Erikson's stage between 6 and 11 years, when the child learns to be productive
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identity vs. role confusion
Erikson's stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves
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Intimacy vs. Isolation
Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families
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Generativity vs. Stagnation
\n Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service
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integrity vs despair
Erikson's final stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives
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strange situation
a behavioral test developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child's attachment style
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rooting reflex
\n a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple
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Habituation
\n decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.
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Dishabituation
recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation
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sensitive period
A limited phase in development that is the most effective time to learn certain behaviors
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Proximodistal
\n "inside-to-outside rule" motor skills emerge in a sequence of center moving outward
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Cephalcaudal
motor skills emerge in a sequence of head to toe
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Teratogens
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Studied by 2 people
