Pathology of the nasal cavity and sinuses

cleft palate, brachycephalic syndrome

what are some common developmental anomalies

palatoschisis/cleft palate

__________: Failure of fusion of embryological midline structures

none, milk dripping from nares, fulminant respiratory distress, secondary respiration pneumonia

What are some clinical signs of a cleft palate? and what is the one sequelae mentioned?

charolais, hereford

what species are prone to inherited cleft palates?

griseofulvin (in queens), veratrum californicum (skunk cabbage for goats/sheep), lupine

What are some toxic causes of cleft palates?

BVDV

what is an infectious etiology of a cleft palate?

nares, soft palate, larynx

what does brachycephalic syndrome affect?

false; they are rare

true/false: True degenerative diseases of the nasal passages and sinuses are very common

degenerative diseases in the lower airways

Degenerative diseases in the nasal passages are more often a manifestation of __________________________________

hyperemia

One of the earliest features of an impending or ongoing inflammatory response is _________________________. This is from vasodilation and increased arterial supply

epistaxis

_______: nasal hemorrhage

true

true/false: nosebleeds may represent systemic or local issues and can be mild or life threatening. But Persistent nosebleeds may be a sign of significant underlying disease

trauma, neoplasia, infectious rhinitis, bleeding disorders, hypertension, polycythemia

What are the common etiologies of epistaxis? (there are 6 listed. The first three are common and hella important. The last three are less common)

TRAUMA

what is THE most common cause of a nosebleed in animals?

Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia

_________________: is a genetic bleeding disorder affecting dogs, horses, and humans, characterized by defective platelet clumping, leading to excessive bleeding from minor trauma, nosebleeds, and bleeding gums.

ethmoid hematoma

___________ is a benign tumor, or mass of tissue, that originates from the highly vascular tissue of the ethmoid turbinates, then expanding into the nasal passage, the paranasal sinuses, or both. The ethmoid turbinates are located partially in the sinus and partially in the nasal passages. The most common clinical sign is blood-tinged nasal discharge from one or both nostrils, but they can become large enough to result in partial obstruction of the nasal passage and subsequent respiratory noise.

Iatrogenic (nasogastric intubation trauma.), Ethmoid hematoma, Guttural pouch mycosis with internal carotid artery erosion, Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage.

What are the four differential diagnosis if you see epistaxis in horses?

rhinitis

_________: inflammation of the nasal cavity

infectious, foreign bodies, allergens/irritants, dehorning (frontal sinusitis), tooth root abscesses

what are some general etiologies for rhinitis?

viral

what is probably the most common cause of rhinitis?

true

true/false: viral and bacterial infections go hand in hand in the respiratory tract

neutrophil, move damage or debris out of the nose

What is the primary cell associated with acute rhinitis? What is the PURPOSE of the discharge and inflammation in acute rhinitis?

epithelial cell swelling, exfoliation. fluid, protein, neutrophil

In acute rhinitis, damage of any kind will lead to ___________________ and/or __________ and includes ______, _______ and ________ exudation and re-epithelialization

basement membrane

What must remain intact in cases of acute rhinitis in order for healing to occur?

serous

_______: rhinitis with clear thin fluid

initial presentation of viral infection or allergic response

What does a serous rhinitis often show us?

catarrhal

______: rhinitis with mucoid exudate

Inflammation or irritation of the nasal passages

What does a catarrhal rhinitis tell us is happening?

goblet cell hyperplasia, goblet cells are secreting all that mucous

What can catarrhal rhinitis lead to? Why?

suppurative/purulent

________: rhinitis with neutrophils in the exudate

secondary bacterial infection

What is suppurative rhinitis indicative of?

fibrinous

_______: rhinitis with fibrin strands on the epithelial surface

severe endothelial injury

What is fibrinous rhinitis evidence of?

viral infection

Acute rhinitis is usually associated with a ________________________

surface epithelium, fluid and mucous, submucosal edema, nasal passages

Viral infection causes necrosis of _______ in the nasal passages which leads to exudation of ______ and _______ and to ______________.

This causes partial blockage of _____________.

lowers immune system, secondary infections

Probably more important than the excess fluid, viral rhinitis will do what? ____________.

This makes ____________ more likely

human head cold, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, feline rhinotracheitis, canine infectious tracheobronchitis

What are some examples of rhinitis associated with viral infections

chronic rhinitis., fungal infections, neoplasia, foreign bodies

___________ is a persistant injury that induces chronic inflammatory responses in the nasal passages.

Often this indicates antigens that are difficult for the host to get rid of like _______, _________ or __________

mononuclear

in chronic rhinitis, cellular infiltrates typically shift from neutrophilic (associated with acute) to ________________

Granulomatous

_______________________: collections of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages in rhinitis cases

goblet cell hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia

What are two additional changes associated with chronic rhinitis?

squamous metaplasia

___________: this causes the epithelium to be more resistant to injury but lacks cilia and does not function in the mucociliary escalator.

true

true/false:Chronic rhinitis often extends into the sinuses

obstruction, septal deviations, nasal polyps

If a chronic rhinitis extends into the sinuses, they don't drain well, which may lead to a ________. This can predispose the animal to _______ or the development of _________

right

We talked about maxillary sinusitis in horses in the last lecture right? And how the cheek teeth roots are in the maxillary sinuses and can easily lead to chronic sinusitis?

(If not review on slide 26 but I'm like... so sure we already did. but it's repeated so it's important)

sinusitis

_________: Inflammation of the tissues lining the spaces in the bones of the head. Often occurs concomitant with acute rhinitis.

secondary bacterial infections, seromucoid, purulent

Edema of the mucosa around draining foramen prevents drainage of a sinusitis, leading to stasis of secretions that predisposes to ___________. Secretions are ___________ to _____________

lung, ear, bone, brain

chronic sinusitis (and rarely acute) can sometimes spread to other sinuses like the _______, ________, ______ or __________