cognition

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30 Terms

1
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What are the three processes of memory?

Encoding, storage, retrieval.

2
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What is the difference between explicit (declarative) memory and implicit (procedural) memory?

Explicit memory can be consciously recalled (facts and events), while implicit memory is unconsciously retained (skills and tasks).

3
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What are the two types of explicit memory?

Semantic memory (facts and general knowledge) and episodic memory (personal experiences).

4
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What is a flashbulb memory?

A vivid, detailed memory of an emotionally significant event.

5
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What is long-term potentiation?

A long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons resulting from stimulating them simultaneously.

6
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Which brain structures are primarily involved in memory?

Hippocampus, cerebellum, amygdala, basal ganglia.

7
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What are the components of working memory?

Central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad.

8
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What are the different types of memory in the multi-store memory model?

Sensory memory (iconic vs. echoic), short-term memory, working memory, long-term memory.

9
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What is the difference between deep processing and shallow processing?

Deep processing focuses on the meaning of information, while shallow processing focuses on superficial features.

10
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What are mnemonic devices, and what is chunking?

Mnemonic devices are techniques for remembering information, while chunking involves grouping information into manageable units.

11
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What is the serial positioning effect?

The tendency to recall better the first (primacy effect) and last (recency effect) items in a list.

12
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What is retrograde amnesia? Anterograde amnesia?

Retrograde amnesia is the loss of memories before a specific event, while anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after an event.

13
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What is context-dependent memory?

Enhanced recall when the context of the memory is reinstated.

14
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What are proactive and retroactive interference?

Proactive interference occurs when old information interferes with new information; retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with recalling old information.

15
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What is the misinformation effect?

The distortion of memory caused by misleading information presented after the event.

16
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What is Spearman's g factor?

A general intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities.

17
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Who proposed the theory of multiple intelligences?

Howard Gardner.

18
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What does IQ stand for, and what does it measure?

IQ stands for Intelligence Quotient, measuring intellectual ability.

19
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What is the Flynn Effect?

The observed rise in IQ scores over generations.

20
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What is stereotyping threat?

The fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group, which can affect performance.

21
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What is the difference between bottom-up and top-down processing?

Bottom-up processing begins with sensory input; top-down processing uses pre-existing knowledge to interpret sensory information.

22
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What are Gestalt principles?

Principles that describe how people perceive visual elements as organized wholes (e.g., closure, figure-ground).

23
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What is inattentional blindness?

Failing to notice an unexpected stimulus in plain sight due to a lack of attention.

24
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What are binocular and monocular depth cues?

Binocular cues require both eyes (e.g., retinal disparity) and monocular cues can be perceived with one eye (e.g., relative size).

25
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What is divergent thinking? Convergent thinking?

Divergent thinking generates many possible solutions; convergent thinking narrows down multiple ideas to one solution.

26
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What are independent and dependent variables in an experiment?

Independent variables are manipulated; dependent variables are measured.

27
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What is random assignment?

Assigning participants to groups by chance to control for confounding variables.

28
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What does informed consent entail?

Participants are informed about the study’s purpose and agree to take part.

29
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What is the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

A committee that reviews research proposals to ensure ethical standards are met.

30
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What is debriefing in research?

Informing participants about the study's purpose and methods after their participation.