cognition

What are the three processes of memory?

Encoding, storage, retrieval.

What is the difference between explicit (declarative) memory and implicit (procedural) memory?

Explicit memory can be consciously recalled (facts and events), while implicit memory is unconsciously retained (skills and tasks).

What are the two types of explicit memory?

Semantic memory (facts and general knowledge) and episodic memory (personal experiences).

What is a flashbulb memory?

A vivid, detailed memory of an emotionally significant event.

What is long-term potentiation?

A long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons resulting from stimulating them simultaneously.

Which brain structures are primarily involved in memory?

Hippocampus, cerebellum, amygdala, basal ganglia.

What are the components of working memory?

Central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad.

What are the different types of memory in the multi-store memory model?

Sensory memory (iconic vs. echoic), short-term memory, working memory, long-term memory.

What is the difference between deep processing and shallow processing?

Deep processing focuses on the meaning of information, while shallow processing focuses on superficial features.

What are mnemonic devices, and what is chunking?

Mnemonic devices are techniques for remembering information, while chunking involves grouping information into manageable units.

What is the serial positioning effect?

The tendency to recall better the first (primacy effect) and last (recency effect) items in a list.

What is retrograde amnesia? Anterograde amnesia?

Retrograde amnesia is the loss of memories before a specific event, while anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after an event.

What is context-dependent memory?

Enhanced recall when the context of the memory is reinstated.

What are proactive and retroactive interference?

Proactive interference occurs when old information interferes with new information; retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with recalling old information.

What is the misinformation effect?

The distortion of memory caused by misleading information presented after the event.

What is Spearman's g factor?

A general intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities.

Who proposed the theory of multiple intelligences?

Howard Gardner.

What does IQ stand for, and what does it measure?

IQ stands for Intelligence Quotient, measuring intellectual ability.

What is the Flynn Effect?

The observed rise in IQ scores over generations.

What is stereotyping threat?

The fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group, which can affect performance.

What is the difference between bottom-up and top-down processing?

Bottom-up processing begins with sensory input; top-down processing uses pre-existing knowledge to interpret sensory information.

What are Gestalt principles?

Principles that describe how people perceive visual elements as organized wholes (e.g., closure, figure-ground).

What is inattentional blindness?

Failing to notice an unexpected stimulus in plain sight due to a lack of attention.

What are binocular and monocular depth cues?

Binocular cues require both eyes (e.g., retinal disparity) and monocular cues can be perceived with one eye (e.g., relative size).

What is divergent thinking? Convergent thinking?

Divergent thinking generates many possible solutions; convergent thinking narrows down multiple ideas to one solution.

What are independent and dependent variables in an experiment?

Independent variables are manipulated; dependent variables are measured.

What is random assignment?

Assigning participants to groups by chance to control for confounding variables.

What does informed consent entail?

Participants are informed about the study’s purpose and agree to take part.

What is the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

A committee that reviews research proposals to ensure ethical standards are met.

What is debriefing in research?

Informing participants about the study's purpose and methods after their participation.