Reproduction, Mitosis Vs. Meosis, Heredity

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41 Terms

1

Reproduction

The process of producing an offspring

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2

Offspring

The child of the parent

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3

Sexual reproduction

The production of new organisms using two parents of different sexes

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4

Zygote

A single cell that results from fertilization

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5

Fertilization

The process of combining the egg cell and sperm cell

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6

Sperm

A male sex cell

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7

Egg

A female sex cell

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8

Embryo

An unborn offspring that is under development

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9

Asexual reproduction

The production of an offspring using only one parent

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10

Fission

The original cell is copied and splits in half to form two genetically identical cells.

Ex. A bacteria divides and duplicates rapidly through fission.

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11

Budding

A “bud”, grows and when it becomes large enough, it breaks off to form a new organism.

Ex. A small ocean organism forms a bud and the bud develops into a new small ocean organism and then it pops off.

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12

Animal regeneration

An offspring grows from a piece of its parent.

Ex. a sea star’s leg falls off but the leg grows into a brand new sea star.

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13

Vegetative propagation

When a part of a plant (root, stem, or leaf) grows into a brand new plant.

Ex. Strawberry plants send out “runners” that are long extensions of the roots and new strawberry plants start growing out of it.

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14

Cloning

Humans produce identical individuals from a cell or from a cluster of cells taken from a multicellular organism.

Ex. New carrot plants can be produced from cells of a carrot root in a petri dish.

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Advantages of sexual reproduction

  • Each offspring is unique

  • More genetic variation within a population

  • Diseases are less likely to affect individuals in a population

  • Population able to withstand changes to an environment

  • increased diversity

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Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

  • Time & energy to find a mate is exhausting

  • Fewer offspring

  • Takes several months to develop offspring

  • Tends to require more parental care

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17

Advantages of asexual reproduction

  • No need for a mate; one parent required

  • Takes less time; reproduction is very rapid

  • Less energy and stamina

  • Produces large numbers of offspring very quickly

  • Tends to require less parental care

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Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

  • Very little genetic variation within a population; increased risk of extinction

  • Harmful mutations or diseases in parent will be passed down to all offspring

  • Entire population of genetically identical organisms can go extinct if there is a change in the environment.

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19

Mitosis

One cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells, that are also diploid cells.

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Purpose of mitosis

to rebuild cells, such as skin cells, stomach cells etc.

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21

diploid cells

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes

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22

haploid cells

Cells containing only one set of chromosomes

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23

Daughter cells

Cells that result from mitosis and meiosis

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24

Meiosis

One diploid cell divides and makes four haploid cells.

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25

Purpose of meiosis

To create sex cells which allows organisms to reproduce.

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26

Prophase

Similar chromosomes from each parent pair up

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27

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell

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28

Anaphase

Chromosomes are pulled to one side of the cell

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29

Telophase

Nucleus reforms around the chromosomes and the cytoplasm and cell start to split

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30

cytokinesis

The process of the cell beginning to split

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31

Heredity

The passing of traits from parent to offspring

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32

Dominant Traits

  • A trait that will appear in the offspring if one of the parent contributes it

  • Expressed when paired to a recessive trait

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Recessive Traits

  • A trait that must be contributed by both parents in order to appear in the offspring

  • Only expressed when paired with another recessive trait

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34

Alleles

The different forms of a gene

  • Ex. different eye color

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35

Phenotype

How a trait is expressed

  • Ex. eye color, hair color

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36

Genotype

The combination of alleles that control the phenotype

  • Ex. Bb, BB, bb

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37

Homozygous

When the two alleles of a gene are the same

  • Ex. BB, bb, TT, tt

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38

Heterozygous

When the two alleles of a gene are different

  • Ex. Bb, Tt

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39

Homologous Pairs

Two chromosomes in a pair

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40

Chromatids

One half of a duplicated chromosome

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41

Locus

The location of a gene on a chromosome

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