Memory

automatic processing

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as the meaning of words. It doesn't need to be rehearsed.

effortful processing

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. Like learning through a book or a video. We boost memory through rehearsal (conscious repetition of information).

encoding

The process of getting information into the memory system by extracting meaning and converting it into a form that can be stored.

visual encoding

Encoding of picture images or visual information into memory.

acoustic encoding

Encoding of sound, especially the sound of words, into memory.

semantic encoding

Encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words, into memory.

storage

The process of retaining encoded information over time in the memory system.

retrieval

The process of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness.

recall

A measure of memory in which a person must retrieve information previously learned. Fill in the blank. Use of effort to pull out information on your own.

recognition

A measure of memory where a person only needs to identify previously learned items. MC test.

relearning

Measure of learning that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time. It takes half the time to relearn information.

shallow processing

Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.

deep processing

Encoding on a meaningful level. Involves forming an association or attaching meaning to a sensory impression and results in longer lasting memories.

sensory memory

Initial, momentary storage of information. Lasts only an instant.

iconic memory

Momentary memory of visual stimuli.

echoic memory

Momentary memory of auditory stimuli.

short-term memory

Memory that holds meaningful info for a short period of time, usually less than thirty seconds. Has a limited capacity of seven plus or minus two items. Info will leave if not rehearsed.

working memory

A newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information, and of information retrieved from long term memory.

central executive

A memory component that coordinates the activities of the phonological loop and the visual sketchpad.

phonological loop

A memory component that temporarily holds auditory information.

visuospatial sketchpad

A memory component that briefly holds information about object's appearance and location in space.

long-term memory

Memory that stores information on a relatively permanent basis. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. Has unlimited capacity.

episodic memory

Memory of biographical details of our individual lives or an episode of your life.

procedural memory

Memory for how to perform tasks, skills, and actions. Often called muscle memory.

flashbulb memory