2ARCC- BT- WOOD AND BUILDING BOARDS, 3ARCC-BT-BUILDING STONES, 4ARCC-BT-FERROUS AND NONFERROUS METALS, 6ARCC-BT-CONCRETE, 7ARCC-BT-INSULATION AND HARDWARES, 5ARCC-BT-GLASS AND GLAZING, ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS, COATINGS AND PAINTS

Wood

the tough, fibrous cellular substance that makes up most of the stems and branches of trees beneath the bark; that lignified water-conducting, strengthening and storage tissues of branches, stem and roots of a tree

bark

the external covering of a woody stem, branch or root, composed of a living inner layer called phloem and an outer bark of corky, dead tissue (crust of a tree)

cambium

a thin layer of reproductive tissue between the phloem and xylem, which produces new phloem on the outside and new xylem on the inside of stems, branches, and roots. (mantle of a tree)

phloem

a layer of tissue that carries food from the leaves to the growing parts of a tree. also called inner bark

xlyem

the woody tissue of tree that provides support and conducts water and mineral nutrients upward from the roots

sapwood

the younger softer, living portion of wood between the cambium and heartwood, comparable in strength to heartwood but usually lighter in color, more permeable and less durable (outer core of a tree)

Alburnum (S-A)

sapwood is also called

heartwood

the older, harder, inactive core of a tree, usually darkm denser, and more durable than the surrounding sapwood. (inner core of a tree)

Duramen (H-D)

Heartwood is also called

Medullary Rays/ pith rays

the ribbons of tissue extending radially from the pith; may vary from microscopic 4inches or more; used to store and transport food horizontally within the tree

annual/ growth ring

a concentric layers of wood produced during a single years growth of a temperate tree.

pith

the soft central core about which first growth takes place ina newly formed stem

Lignin

an organic substance that, with cellulose, forms the woody cell walls of plants and the cementing material between them.

Sap

the vital fluid of water, nitrogen and mineral nutrients that circulated through a plant

cellulose

an inert carbohydrate that is the center constituent of the cell walls of plants and of dried woods, jute, hemp, and cotton, used in the manufacture of wide variety of synthetic building materials.

Fiber

one of the slender, thick walled cells which together serve to strengthen plant tissue,

resin

a viscous, clear translucent, organic substance exuded by certain pines used in making varnishing, adhesives, and plastics

hardwood, deciduous, softwood, coniferous

what are the 4 classifications of wood

hardwood

the wood from the broad leaved flowering tree such as apitong, narra, tanguile, yacal

decidous

shedding leaves annually or at the end of a growing season. the term is descriptive of most hardwood and a few softwoods

softwood

the wood from a conifer. the term is not descriptive of the actual softness of the wood

coniferous

any various evergreenm cone-bearing tress, such as pine trees

exogenous and endogenous

mode of growth of trees

exogenous

mode of growth that are outward growing trees

endogenous

mode of growth that are inside growing trees and have soft core

exogenous

between exogenous and endogenous which is more preferred for lumebring

wood grain

the direction, size, arrangement, and appearance of fibers in a piece of wood

straight grain

characterized by grains running along one side of wood

cross grain

wood grain having the cells and fibers running transversely or diagonally to the length of a piece as a result of a growth characteristic.

diagonal grain

wood grain having the annual rings at an angle to the length of a piece resulting from sawing at an angle to the axis of a log

edge grain

wood grain resulting from quarter sawing, having the annual rings forming an angle of 45deg or more with the broad faces of a piece. also called vertical grain

flat grain

wood grain resulting from plain sawing, having the annual rings forming an angle of less than 45deg with the broad faces of a piece

decay

wood defect: the deomposition of wood by fungi, and other microorganism, resulting in softening, loss of strength and weight, and often a change in texture or color

dry rot

wood defect: a decay of seasoned timber caused by fungi that consume the cellulose leaving a soft, brittle skeleton readily reduced to powder.

check

wood defect: a lengthwise separation of wood across the annual rings, caused by ineven or rapid shrinkage during the seasoning process.

shake

wood defect: a separation along the grain of a wood piece, usually between the annual rings, caused by stresses on a tree while standing or during felling

pitch pocket

wood defect: a well defined opening between the annual rings of a softwood, containing or having once contained solid or liquid patch

split

wood defect: a check that extends completely through a board or veneer, also called through check

warp

wood defect: any deviation from a plane or true surface od a board or panel usually caused by uneven drying during the seasoning process or by the change in moisture content

cup

wood defect: a curvature across the width or face of a wood piece, measured at the point of greatest deviation from a straight line drawn from end to end of a piece

bow

wood defect: a curvature along the length of a wood piece measures at the point of greatest deviation from a straight line drawn from end to end of a piece

crook

wood defect: a curvature along the edge of a wood piece, measured at the point of greatest deviation from a straight line drawn from end to end of a piece

twist

wood defect: a warp resulting from the turning of the edges of a wood piece in opposite directions.

wane

wood defects: the presence of bark or absence of wood at a corner or along an edge of a piece

skip

wood defects: an area on the surface of a board or panel missed by a planing machine

machine burn

wood defect: a surface charring caused by overheating of the cutting blades or abrasive belts during shaping or finishing of a material

timber

uncut trees or lugs that are suitable for conversion to lumber

lumber

the term applied to wood after it is sawed or sliced into boards, planks, sticks, etc. for commercial purposes

rough lumber

timber that is sawn, edged, and trimmed, but not surfaced

dressed lumber

lumber that is surfaced with a planing machine to attain a smooth and uniform size

surfaced green

of or pertaining to a dressed lumber having a moisture content exceeding 19% at the time of manufacture

surfaced dry

of or pertaining to a dressed lumber having a moisture content of 19% or less at the time of manufactture

nominal dimension

the dimension of lumber before drying and surfacing, used for convenience in defining size and computing quantity.

dressed size

the dimension of lumber after seasoning and surfacing

3/8"-3/4"

dressed size is usually _____________________ less than the nominal dimension

grade

the classification of lumber in regard to strength and utility in accordance with the grading rules of an approved lumber grading agency.

2-4in thk, more than 4in wide

what is the cross section dimension of joists and planks

timber

any lumber with 5in or more in its smallest dimension

5in, 2in greater than thickness

beams and stringers are at least _______ thk and width is more than __________

5in x 5in or larger

typical dimension of posts and timbers

air drying, sun drying

natural methods of seasoning lumber

kiln drying, forced air or pressure drying, vapor drying, radio frequency dielectric drying

artificial methods of seasoning lumber

tanalizing, permanizing, wolmanizing, bolidine salt

methods of treating lumber

creosote

an oily liquid of aromatic hydrate obtained by the distillation of solution used as wood preservative

treated wood

wood treated with an approved preservative under the treating and quality control requirements in preparation of all timber products prior to preservative treatment by pressure process

board foot

a unit of volume for lumber

1. (in x in x ft)/12

2. (in x in x in)/144

3. ft x ft x in

3 formulas for boardfoot

3

how many veneers to make a plywood

4ft x 8ft

standard size of building boards

true

true or false: plywood can be bent more easily than ordinary wood of the same thickness

medium density fiberboard

hardboard made from wood fibers glued under heat and pressure.

Urea formaldehyde

mdf contains this substance which may be released from the mterial through cutting and sanding.

insulating fiberboard

made from fibrous material like wood and sugarcane formed into board using asbestos as binder.

cane fiberboard

shredded cane and processed into fibers

mineral fiberboard

made from asbestos fibers mixed with cementing agent ideal for fireproofing and acoustical properties

chipboard

made from building board particles and a binder often faced with veneer.

particle board

made from hardboard from relatively small particles, graduated from coarse at the center of the board to fine at the surface to produce a smooth dense surface

strawboard hardboard

made of compressed wheat straw, processed at 350deg F - 400 deg F with tough Kraft paper

asbestos cement board

a dense rigid board containing high portion of asbestos fibers bonded with portland cement

corkboard

made from the outer bark of the cork oak tree, cork granules are mixed with synthetic resin, compressed and formed into sheet from 1 6 inches thick, and baked under pressure into rigid boards.

paperboard

A paper pulp pressed into boards 3/16", or ¼" thick, 4' wide, and 6-8' long. Usually one surface is primed for easier finishing

A layer of stiff paper folded into corrugated form and faced on both sides with a thick paper backing, cemented to the core

xylem

the woody tissue portion of a tree which supports and conducts water and mineral nutrients upward from the roots

exogenous

mode of growth of trees characterized by its outward growth with the addition of rings each year; trees of this kind is preferred in lumbering

S4S2E

designation for a dressed lumber that is planed or surfaced on 4 sides and 2 edges

FLITCH

Generally a thick piece of lumber

dimension lumber

a yard lumber measuring 2-4in thk and 2in or more wide

grading

a method of classifying lumber based on strength and utility in accordance with rules set by an agency

timber

a yard lumber that is 5in or more in its least dimension

decking

a dimension lumber 2-4in thk and 4in or more wide graded primarily for bending strength when loaded on the wide face

particle board

a non veneered composite wood panel product consisting of cellulosic particles made by bonding small wood particles with a synthetic resin under heat and pressure; properties such as particle geometry, board density, resin levels and manufacturing processes may be modified to suit specific use.

490 kg/m3

hardboard is made from ligno-cellulosic fibers consolidated under heat and pressure in a hot press to a density not less than ____________

wood wool cement board

a non structural material used in low cost housing constructions which may be used for heat insulation and sound absorption but not as a fire retardant material

glulam

a type of structural timber product composed of several layers of simensioned lumber glued together by laminating several smaller pieces of wood, a single large, strong, structural member can be manufactured from smaller lumber. these structural members are used as vertical columns or horizontal beams

laminated veneer lumber

a type of engineered wood product that uses multiple layers of thin wood assembled with adhesives. it is stronger, straighter, and more uniform in size and shape than most engineered wood material. similar in appearance to plywood without crossbands and typically rated by the manufacturer for elastic planks, rimboard, and edge forming material.

fibercement board

lightweight board made of fibers (timber slurry) and portland cement, quartz, sand, additives, etc.

asbestos cement board

a dense rigid board containing a high percentage of fibers bonded with portland cement; characterized by its high resistance to fire, flame, and weatheribng but is low resistance to heat flow.

gypsum board

a wall board having a gypsum core; sometimes referred to as plasterboard that is made typically of a layer of gypsum plaster pressed between two thick sheets of paper then kiln dried. used in drywall construction using metal furring and studs

stone

an aggregate or combination of minerals, each of which is composed of inorganic chemical substances

igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary

3 classifications of stone

igneous

formed by the crystallization of molten magma, as granite, obsidian, malachite