BIOL LAB Unit 1: Body Regions & Mitosis & Histology & Integumentary

Cranial cavity

The space inside your skull, where your brain is located.

Vertebral cavity

The cavity that runs down your back and protects your spinal cord.

Thoracic cavity

The chest area that contains your heart and lungs.

Mediastinum

The central area in your chest, between the lungs, containing the heart and large blood vessels.

Pericardial cavity

The space directly surrounding your heart.

Pleural cavity

The spaces around your lungs, one for each lung.

Abdominal cavity

The main part of your belly, holding your digestive organs like the stomach and intestines.

Pelvic cavity

The lower part of your belly, holding your bladder and reproductive organs.

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

The top right part of your belly, where your liver and gallbladder are found.

Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

The top left part of your belly, containing your spleen and a part of your stomach.

Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

The bottom right part of your belly, where your intestines and appendix are.

Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

The bottom left part of your belly, primarily containing parts of your intestines.

Right hypochondriac region

Contains the liver and gall bladder.

Epigastric region

Contains the stomach and pancreas.

Left hypochondriac region

Contains the spleen.

Right lumbar region

Contains the ascending colon.

Umbilical region

Contains the small intestines.

Left lumbar region

Contains the descending colon.

Right Iliac (inguinal) region

Contains the appendix.

Hypogastric region

Contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs.

Left iliac (inguinal) region

Contains the sigmoid colon.

Cephalic

Refers to your head.

Pectoral/Thoracic

Refers to your chest area.

Axillary

Refers to your armpit.

Abdominal

Refers to your belly.

Antecubital

Refers to the front of your elbow.

Antebrachial

Refers to your forearm.

Carpal

Refers to your wrist.

Pubic/Genital

Refers to your groin or private areas.

Femoral

Refers to your thigh (upper leg).

Patellar

Refers to your kneecap.

Tarsal

Refers to your ankle.

Pedal

Refers to your foot.

Cervical

Refers to your neck.

Occipital/Suboccipital

Refers to the back of your head.

Scapular

Refers to your shoulder blade area.

Lumbar

Refers to your lower back.

Gluteal

Refers to your buttock.

Sacral

Refers to the area just above your tailbone in your lower back.

Popliteal

Refers to the back of your knee.

Calcaneal

Refers to your heel.

Plantar

Refers to the sole (bottom) of your foot.

Nucleus

Stores DNA; site of DNA transcription.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Site of protein synthesis.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Site of calcium synthesis.

Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis.

Golgi apparatus

Packages and modifies proteins.

Mitochondria

Site of ATP synthesis.

Lysosome

Breaks down cell debris and foreign pathogens.

Peroxisome

Breaks down fat, alcohol, and hydrogen peroxide.

Centrioles

Assist in mitotic spindle formation.

Mitosis

The division of a cell which results in genetically identical daughter cells.

Prophase

The phase where DNA condenses into chromosome form and the mitotic spindle forms.

Metaphase

The phase where chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell.

Anaphase

The phase where the duplicated chromosomes are pulled apart by the mitotic spindle.

Telophase

The phase where the separated chromosomes uncondense into DNA form and the mitotic spindle disappears.

Cytokinesis

The process that begins with the formation of the cleavage furrow.

thoracic

relates to the thorax (chest) area of the body and can refer to the thoracic spine

peroneal

refers to the fibula bone or structures associated with it, particularly the peroneal muscles and tendons on the outer side of the lower leg and ankle

Epithelial Tissue

Widespread tissue type: Part of skin, body cavity/organ linings, & glands.

Simple & Stratified/ Squamous, Cuboid, Columnar 

Simple Squamous Epithelium 

Found in blood vessel linings & lung alveoli. Maximizes diffusion because the membrane is thin.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Found in glandular structures & kidney tubule system. Provides slightly thicker barrier than squamous, allowing selective permeability for secretion and re-absorption

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Found in the lining of the small intestines. High absorption of nutrients while remaining selective against digestive enzymes and acids.

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Found in respiratory airways 

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Found in the epidermis of skin

Transitional Epithelium

Lines Urinary organs such as Urinary Bladder

Connective Tissue: 

Connective Tissue is diverse is includes four main types:  Fibrous, Cartilage, Bone, & Blood

Loose Fibrous Connective Tissue

Areolar Loose Fibrous Connective Tissue, Adipose Loose Fibrous Connective Tissue, Reticular Loose Fibrous Connective Tissue

Areolar Loose Fibrous Connective Tissue

Found in the papillary layer of the dermis

Adipose Loose Fibrous Connective Tissue

Found in all fat tissue, such as subcutaneous tissue

Reticular Loose Fibrous Connective Tissue

Found in lymphatic tissue, such as the spleen

Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue

Dense Irregular Fibrous Connective Tissue, Dense Regular Fibrous Connective Tissue, Dense Elastic Fibrous Connective Tissue

Dense Irregular Fibrous Connective Tissue

Found in the reticular layer of the dermis

Dense Regular Fibrous Connective Tissue

Found in tendons & ligaments

Dense Elastic Fibrous Connective Tissue

Found in large arteries, such as the Aorta

Cartilage

Fibrocartilage Connective Tissue, Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue, Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue

Fibrocartilage Connective Tissue

Found in the menisci of the knee, intervertebral discs of the spine, and the pubic symphysis

Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue

Most abundant cartilage

Located in areas such as the ends of long bones

Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue

Found in the external ear, epiglottis, and part of the larynx

Bone Connective Tissue (Compact)

Found in all bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton

Blood Connective Tissue

The Human Body has approximately 5 liters of blood at a given time

Muscle Tissue

Skeletal Muscle, Smooth Muscle, Cardiac muscle

Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal muscle is voluntary and found in all the muscles that help move the skeleton

Smooth Muscle

Smooth muscles in involuntary and located in areas such as blood vessels, linings of the GI tract, & urinary bladder

Cardiac Muscle

Cardiac muscle is involuntary and found in the heart 

Nerve Tissue

Nerve tissue contains neurons and neuroglia and can be found in the brain, spinal cord, and all nerves of the body

Integumentary

The Integumentary System includes the skin, hair, nails, and various glandular structures contained within

Stratum Basale

Mitotically active layer, deepest layer

Stratum Spinosum

Contains Dendritic (Langerhans) cells for Immunity (2nd deepest)

Stratum Granulosum

After this layer, there’s no sufficient nutrients. all the layers after are dead

Stratum lucidum

Only in palms of hands & soles of feet

Stratum Corneum

very thick layer of dead cells

Basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

BSGLC

Sebaceous gland

creates oil (holocrine), moisten the skin + can cause acne

Sudoriferous gland

Sweat (eccrine) - release water

Arrector Pili Muscle

“goosebumps”

Hypodermis

deepest layer of skin

Dermis

middle layer of skin

Epidermis

the outerlayer of skin

Apocrine sudoriferous gland

• Malodorous sweat glands (armpit, anogenital),

• only in armpit, becomes functional after puberty, smell of bo