The Criminal Justice System

Practice flashcards based on key concepts and definitions from the lecture on The Criminal Justice System.

What is defined as an act done in violation of duties owed to the community?

A crime.

What are the two main categories of criminal conduct?

Felonies and misdemeanors.

Which amendments of the U.S. Constitution are especially important for the criminal justice system?

The Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments.

What is the purpose of criminal law?

To protect the public and define duties individuals owe to the community.

What is the exclusionary rule?

Evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment cannot be used in trial.

What does the Fifth Amendment protect against?

Double jeopardy and self-incrimination.

What is a grand jury?

A jury that decides whether probable cause exists to indict someone for a crime.

What rights does the Sixth Amendment grant to defendants?

The right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury, to be informed of accusations, and to have assistance of counsel.

What does the Eighth Amendment prohibit?

Cruel and unusual punishments and excessive fines.

What is plea bargaining?

Negotiation between prosecutor and defense to enter a guilty plea for a lesser charge or benefit.

What is a 'hung jury'?

A jury that is unable to reach a unanimous verdict.

What is a 'citation'?

An order to appear in court, often instead of arresting a person for a minor crime.

What is bail?

A legal document guaranteeing the defendant will appear for trial in exchange for release from custody.

What is a 'nolo contendere' plea?

A plea of 'no contest' that does not admit guilt but is treated as a guilty plea.

What is the importance of a pre-sentence report?

It contains information that helps the judge decide an appropriate sentence.

What is 'transactional immunity'?

Protection from being tried for a crime even with evidence gained from other sources.

What is the standard of proof in a criminal case?

Beyond a reasonable doubt.

What does 'mens rea' refer to in criminal law?

The mental state or intention to commit a crime.

What is 'actus reus'?

The physical act of committing a crime.

What must a prosecutor prove to secure a conviction?

That the defendant committed the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.