world issues unit 2 test terms/definition review

Demography

the study of human population dynamics. It looks at how populations change over time due to births, deaths, migration and again

Ecumene

the useful and utilised environment

• Refugees:

• people who are forced to flee their homes to another country due to armed conflict and economic distress

Asylum seekers:

a person who has left their country and is seeking protection from persecution and serious human rights violations in another country

• Migrants:

• person who moves from place to place either for work (migrant workers) or better living conditions

Population shock:

Dramatic decrease in population due to sudden adverse events

• Internally displaced peoples (IDP):

• those forced to leave their homes but stay within the border of their countries

• Population density vs population distribution

• Distribution is where people live in the world and density is how many people live in a  given area

Refugee solutions proposed by UNHCR

• Voluntary repatriation 

  • Preferred solution

  • Conditions at home improve where refugees return

• Local integration

  • Integrate into the country of first asylum

  • Usually bordering on refugees home country - depends on agreement

• Third country resettlement

  • When the other two solutions fail

  • Find a third country willing to accept refugees

• Factors for population decline: 

• Heavy emigration

• Disease

• Famine

• War

• In the past (black death, old world diseases, potato famine)

• Today (sub-replacement fertility levels, migration) 

Three trends in population pyramids

expansive, constructive and stationary 

Expansive population pyramids

• Rapid growth population pyramid

• Hasa sharp triangle shape in the graph

• Expansive pyramids mean that the population does not increase much in total number and has many young people

• Usually seen in developing countries

• Constrictive population pyramid

• Slow growth population pyramid

• Occurs when there is a lower mortality rate but the fertility remains constant

• Population pyramids are wider in the middle of graph has the population has high numbers of middle aged and elderly people, but fewer young people

• Stationary population pyramid

• Represents a population with low mortality and fertility rate

• Have square or “pillar” shape rather than a pyramid 

• Represent a stable population that will not change significantly barring any sudden changes to fertility or mortality rates

Factors for fertility

income, education, urbanization, security and health, status of women

factors for fertility: income

• Means in which to support a child

• Higher GDP of a country the lower the fertility rate

factors for fertility: education

• Marriage and children are delayed by schooling

• Average age a woman has a first child in Canada is 30.8

factors for fertility: urbanization

• In agricultural economies children are an economic asset = labour

• Women in rural areas do not have access to family services

factors for fertility: Security and health

• Fertility rates higher in areas without access to medical care or clean water

• Use of a family safety net = caring for elderly 

factors for fertility: status of women

• Women may not want to have as many children as their partners want

• Women who have greater control of their lives tend to stay in school longer and marry later

• Trends in migration patterns 

• Migration to cities - urbanization

• Two step migration → rural to city, city to another country

• Most migrants are women and young people

• Highly educated are migrating 

Overpopulation

• population is too large in an area and there are not enough resources to sustain it

• Net migration rate:

• Immigration rate - emigration rate

Dependency ratio

• Age population ratio of those typically not in the labour force vs those who are typically in the labour force (measure the pressure on the productive population)

Population growth:

the increase in a population over time

• Median age:

• Age that divides a population into two numerically equal groups; that is, half the people are younger than this age and half are older

• Gross reproduction rate:

• Average number of daughters born alive that a group of women would have in their lifetime

• Rule of 70:

• Used to determine how many years it would take for a population to double IF the rate of growth remains constant 

  • d= 70/ I

Rate of natural increase:

Birth rate - death rate

• Sub replacement fertility :

• a fertility rate that is not high enough to replace an area’s population

• Doubling rate:

• time it would take for a population to double its current population