Exam 2 For Dorth

Absolutism

Where one ruler possesses unrestricted power over a state and its people.

“Divine rights of Kings”

The core justification of Absolutism.

France under the bourbon dynasty

Quintessential example of Absolute Monarchy

Louis XIV

The Sun King, ruled over France and had the longest reign in European history.

Louis XIV famously declared this

“L’etat c’est moi! (I am the state!)”

Louis XIV constructed what

The Palace of Versailles

Louis XIV adhered to the principle of _____, seeking to centralize authority in all aspects of French Life

“One king, One Law, One Faith,””

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister to Louis XIII

Richelieu

Weakened the influence of the nobility with officials known as intendants, enforcing the king’s policies

Merchantilism

Economic doctrine which aimed to augment the state’s power through economic control.

Louis XIV reigned throughout?

1643-1715

France designed policies to do what?

Export more goods than imported.

France accumulated wealth in the form of?

Gold and silver.

Louis XIV revocation of the Edict of Nantes in what year?

1685

Huguenots

French Protestants

James I and Charles I

Stuart Monarchs of England

English Civil War lasted until

1642-1649

The English Civil war pitted the ______ (Cavaliers), who supported the king, against the Parliamentarians (_____), who sought to establish parliamentary supremacy.

Royalists, Roundheads

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of the Parliamentarians, Established the Protectorate after the execution of Charles I

Protectorate

A military dictatorship established by Oliver Cromwell

England was ruled without a monarch throughout

the Interregnum (1642-1660)

The English monarchy was restored in what year?

1660 with the accession of Charles II

The Cladeon Code

a series of laws that re-established the dominance of the Church of England and penalized religious dissenters.

Habeas Corpus act of 1679

A landmark legal achievement, safeguarding individuals from arbitrary imprisonment by requiring authorities to justify detentions.

An event that saw the deposition of James II and the installation of William and Mary as joint monarchs

Glorious Revolution in 1688

What document limited the power of the monarchy

The English Bill of Rights (1689)

England transitioned into a _______ ______.

Limited Monarchy, where the monarch’s power was circumscribed by law.

The Netherlands operated as a ______, governened by wealthy merchants and financiers rather than a monarch.

Republic

The Dutch East India Company was formed in what year?

1602

This company was a powerful entity that controlled trade with Asia.

The Dutch East India Company

Amsterdam

Emerged as a major international port andcommercial hub.

The Dutch Republic

Known for its religious toleration, attracting refugees across Europe

What led to the decline of the Dutch republic.

Invasions by France and wars with England in the late 17th century.

Austria (Habsburgs)

Faced the cahallenge of consolidating their diverse territories, which include Germans, Czechs, Hungarians, and other ethnic groups.

The Pragmatic Sanction

Issued by Charles VI to ensure that his daughter, Maria Theresa, could inherit the Habsburg domains.

Under the Hohenzollern dynasty, this country rose to prominence as a military power.

Prussia

Frederick William, the great Elector

Laid the foundations for Prussian absolutism by building a strong army and centralizing the government.

This figure enhanced Prussia’s military might

Frederick William I

Russia

After the tumultuous “Times of Troubles”, the Romanov dynasty established stability and centralized authority

Peter the Great

Embarked on westernization, modernizing the Russian Military

St. Petersburg

A new capital of Russia constructed under Peter the Great.

Table of Ranks

Implemented by Peter the Great, it tied social status to service to the state.

“Liberum Veto”

Weakened the Polish Monarchy, allowed any member of the Sejm (parliament) to block legislation.

Ottoman Empire

While not absolute in the same way as European monarchies, exercised considerable control over its diverse population.

The Devshirme system

The recruitment of Christiana boys who were converted tto Islam and trained as soldiers or administrators.

The Ottoman Empire throughout the 17th and 18th centuries.

Began to decline from facing military setbacks and falling behind Europe in technological advances.

The Enlightment

A significant intellectucal and cultural movement influenced by the Scientific Revolution that emphasized reason and natural laws.

Author of Leviathan

Thomas Hobbes

John Locke

Advocate for natural rights in Two Treatises on Government

Baron de Montesquieu

Promoted the seperation of powers.

Author of The Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith

Salons and Universities

Enlightement ideas spread from France throughout Europe and the Briitsh colonies through Salons and Universities

“Enlightement Despots”

Rulers who embraced some Enlightementideas, such as Frederick the Great, Catherine Great, and Joseph II.

The American Revoulution lasted until?

1774-1783

The American Revolution

A nse and disruptive era with ambigous loyalities

French and Indian War (Seven Years War)

Britian and France fought, which Britian in 1763, aquiring territory in North America

The Proclamation of 1763

Prohibited colonists from settling in the new territory.

Stamp Act Crisis

James Otis discussed natural rights, and other figures like John Dickinson, Samuel Adams, Benjamin Frankling, and Partrick Henry protested new taxes

Taxes Imposed

Included the Suger act, Tea act, Stamp act, and currency Act

Response to taxes

Colonies, especially Boston, responded with protests

Boston Massacre

Clashes between Bostonians and British troops led to soldiers firing on a crowd killing 5 colonists

March 5, 1770

Date of the Boston Massacre

Republicanism

The idea that a republic is the greatest fom of government

Liberty

The state of being free in society.

Virtue

Behavior showing high moral standards

Natural Rights

Life, liberty, and property

December 16th, 1773

Date of the Boston Tea party

The Boston Tea Party

When the Sons of Liberty disguised themselves as Mohawk Indians and dumped British tea into the harbor.

The Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)

Britain’s response to the Boston Tea Party

First Continental Congress

Met in Philadelphia in 1774 with 55 delegates to discuss the relationship with Parliament.

The first continental Congress appealed to King ____ __ to restore basic and reaffirmed rights.

George III

Lord Dartmouth

Planned a military maneuver to attack Lexington and Concord to seize gunpowder and muskets.

The ___ __ ____ organized a spy network to warn minutemen.

Sons of Liberty

Paul Revere

Rode around on horseback warning people that “The British are Coming!”

The Shot Heard ‘Round the World

A shot that started the Battle of Bunker Hill, which side shot first is unknown.

The Patriots won the Battle of Bunker Hill and seized Fort _____.

Fort Ticonderoga

Second Continental Congress

Met in May 1775

Thomas Moore wrote _____ ____ to gain support for independence.

Common Sense

George Washington in 1775

Chosen as the commander of the Continental Army.

When was the Declaration of Independence was drafted and signed.

July - August 1776

Battle of Yorktown

Where Cornwallis was trapped and the British were defeated.

The French Revolution lasted from ____ until ____.

1789, 1799

“Old Regime”

France under Bourbon rule, an absolute monarchy.

The nobility and Catholic clergy during the French Revolution

They received special priveliges

Louis XI ruled for __ years and believed in the “Divine Rights of Kings”

72

Parties at the Palace of Versailles

Funded by high taxes

French society was divided into _ Estates.

3

First Estate:

Catholic Clergy (exempt from taxes)

Second Estate:

Nobility (paid some taxes).

Third Estate:

Commoners (paid the majority of taxes).

Liberalism, Republicanism, and Radicalism

Became popular throughout the Enlightenment

What kick-started the Enlightenment ideas

The American Revolution

The Anglo-French War

France and Spain ally with the US in the Revolutionary War.

Result of the Anglo-French War

Resulted in major tax hikes for the Third Estate and increased Revolutionary sentiment.

Time of Anglo-French of War

1778-1783

Estates General of 1789

Called to address the national deficit, King Louis XVI hoped to raise revenue through new taxes.

Causes of the Revolution

1. The monarchy versus nobility, and the influence of Enlightenment ideas.

2. Demands for political choice and disrespect of the king.

Tennis Court Oath

In 1789, the Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly and locked out of the meeting hall, under the Tennis Court Oath, vowing not to disband until France had a constitution.

The Storming of the Bastille

On July 14th, alarmed at rumors and the firing of the finance minister, people stormed the Bastille, starting the French Revolution. Uprisings began to spread throughout France.

Declarations of Right of Man and Citizen

Modeled on the Declaration of Independence, Sovereignty rested with the nation rather than the monarchy