Biology Unit 7

3 plant organs

roots, stems, leaves

Root functions

Anchor plant, absorb water & nutrients

Root hairs

slender offshoots that increase surface area

Primary roots

Long and singular roots

Fibrous roots

branching roots

Nodes

where leaves grow off of

Internodes

the space between nodes

Axillary buds

bud for a future branch

Vascular tissue function

Transport water and nutrients

2 types of stems

herbaceous and woody

herbaceous stem qualities

Green and waxy

Woody stem qualities

woody, grows horizontal and vertical

leaves main function

photosynthesis

leaf parts

Blade and petiole

3 tissue types

epidermal, ground, vascular

apical meristem

end of stem/root

epidermal tissue

outer covering

Specialization order of ground tissue

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma

What 2 structures does vascular tissue make

Xylem and Phloem

Xylem function

move water up

Phloem function

move sugar from source to sink

force that moves water into roots

osmotic pressure

force that moves minerals into roots

pumps

process that allows water to move up

properties of water

Xylem movement model

cohesion tension

Phloem movement model

pressure-flow model

tubes inside of phloem

sieve tubes

name for pressure increase due to omotic pressure

Turgor pressure

structure that opens and closes stomata

gaurd cells

5 plant hormones

Auxin, Gibberellin, Cytokinin, Abscisic Acid, Ethylene

Auxin main function

Vertical growth

Gibberellins main function

Wake up plant from winter dormancy

Cytokinins main functions (2)

horizontal growth and cell division

Abscicic Acid main function

send plant into dormancy

Ethylene

Abscission

3 types of tropisms

Gravitropism, phototropism, thigmotropism

Gravitropism function

plant always grows upwards

Phototropism function

plants grow towards light

Thigmotropism function

Plants respond to touch

Photoperiodism

Day/night cycle response

main difference of plant reproduction

2 stages

Name for first diploid reproductive cell

Sporophyte

step 1 of reproduction

sprophytes divide to make haploid spores

types of spores

mega and micro

step 2 of reproduction

Spores divide myotically

Name for male spore

pollen

name for female gametophyte

embryo sack

step 3 of reproduction

Gametophytes make gametes

step 4 gmof reproduction

gametes fuse to make seed

last step of reproduction

seed grows to sporophyte and restarts process

2 parts to embryo sack

ovule and ovary

ovule

seed

ovary

fruit

total number of nuclei in ovule

8

female gametophyte parts (3)

egg cell, cell with double nuclei, 5 other cells

Fertilization step 1

2 pollen go down pollen tube

Fertilization step 2

one pollen combines with egg, other with double nuclei cell

name for double nuclei cell fused with pollen grain

endosperm

endosperm function

feed zygote

Simple fruits

from one ovary

compound fruit def

from several ovaries

Fruit parts

Exocarp, Mesocarp, Endocarp

Exocarp

skin of fruit

Mesocarp

flesh of fruit

Endocarp

seed boundary area in fruit

name for plant asexual reproductions

vegetative reproduction

4 tissue categories (animal)

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

Epithelial tissue main structure

skin

functions of epithelial tissue

protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration

3 types of epithelial tissue

simple, stratified, glandular

simple epithelial tissue

single layer, all touches basement

stratified epithelial tissue

layers of cells, bottom touches membrane

glandular epithelial function

secrete something

3 protein fibers that make up connective tissue

collagen, elastic, reticular

3 types of connective tissue

fiborous, supportive, fluid

fibrous connective tissue structure

collagen and elastic fiber matrix

loose fibrous connective tissue function

allow for expansion

adipose fibrous connective tissue function

store fay

structures made of dense fibrous connective tissue (2)

ligaments and tendons

structures (2) made of supportive connective tissue

cartilage and bone

fluid connective tissue strucutre

blood

3 types of muscular tissue

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

skeletal muscular tissue

attached to bone, voluntary

smooth muscular tissue main quality

involuntary

where is cardiac muscular tisse found

the heart

Nervous tissue function

conduct and transmit impulses

Neuroglia function

support and nourish neurons

2 main body cavities

dorsal and ventral

dorsal cavity cavities (2)

cranial and vertebral

ventral cavity cavities (3)

thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

3 regions of skin

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous

Location of epidermis (humans)

outer layer of skin

makers of melanin

melanocytes

dermis location (humans)

middle layer of skin

components of the dermis (3)

receptors, nerve fibers, blood vessels

Subcutaneous layer location

bottom layer of skin

negative feedback

return to normal

positive feedback

continue changing in direction of original change

Open circulatory system

fluid goes to cavity

closed circulatory system

fluid goes to capillaries