History of psychology and perspectives

nativism

philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn (Plato, Kent)

Nature- our biological endowment, especially the genes we receive from our parents

Innate, nativist, intuitive, genes, biology

empiricism

philosophical view that all knowledge is acquired through experience (Aristotle, Locke)

Nurture: a wide range of environments, both physical and social, that influence our development

Learned, empirical, environment, experience, culture

Structuralism

(Wilhelm Wundt)

believed consciousness could be broken down into thoughts experiences, emotions, and other basic elements

developed objective introspection

objective introspection

the process of examining and measuring one’s own thoughts and mentl activities

Margaret F Washburn

first woman to earn a PhD in psychology in 1894

published The Animal Mind

Functionalism

(William James)

how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play

Mary Whiton Calkins

Student of James

denied a PhD from Harvard

influenced organizational psychology

Psychoanalysis

(sigmund freud)

the proposed concept of the unconscious unaware mind, into which we push our threatening udrges and desires, creating nervous disorders

dream analysis

gestalt

an organized whole is greaters than the sum of its parts

Gollin figures test

behaviorism

focuses only on observable behavior

must be durectly seen and measured

(John B. Watson, Pavlov)

phobias are leanred

Little Albert

Modern psychology

modern version of psychoanalysis

more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery or motivations behaind a person’s behavior

Behavioral perspective

how environments and conditioning contribute to behavior

punishment and reinforcement

voluntary behavior is learned

humanistic perspective

(abraham maslow, carl rogers, roger’s daughter)

Third force in psychology: reaction to both psychoanalytic theory and behaviorism

people have free will—the freedom to choose their own destiny

self-actualization 

cognitive perspective

mental processes

focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, thought processes, problem solving, language, and learning

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

Sociocultural perspective

focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture, combing two areas of study

social psychology is the study of groups, social roles, and the rules of social actions and relationships

cross cultural research

Biopsychological perspective

attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occuring in the body

genetic influences

hormones

activity

evolutionary perspective

focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share

natural selection