Court Cases AP government

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

racial segregation of children in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment-overruled Plessy v. Ferguson

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review; "midnight judges;" John Marshall; power of the Supreme Court.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

a defendant in a felony trial must be provided a free lawyer if they cannot afford one.

Engle v. Vitale (1962)

Held that public schools cannot require students to say prayers

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Established exclusionary rule; illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in court

Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)

Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

ruled that those subjected to in-custody interrogation be advised of their constitutional right to an attorney and their right to remain silent.

Schenek v United States 1919

Speech creating a "clear and present danger" is not protected by the First Amendment

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Abortion rights fall within the privacy implied in the 14th amendment

Regents of UC v. Bakke

schools could take race into account to have greater diversity, but could not have a quota system.

Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)

1st and 14th Amendments protected speech advocating violence at KKK rally unless it directed or produced "imminent lawless action"

New Jersey v. TLO

decided that a student may be searched if there is "reasonable ground" for doing so.

Texas v. Johnson (1989)

Struck down Texas law that banned flag burning, which is a protected form of symbolic speech.

Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier

School newspapers can be censored by teachers and administrators

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

Guaranteed a student's right to protest (wearing armbands).

Loving v. Virginia (1967)

invalidated laws prohibiting interracial marriage

Reynolds v. US

Court ruled that one cannot use religion as a defense to the crime of polygamy.