(pt.1) Defining Abnormality and Normality

- Personal distress to the individual

- Deviance from cultural norms

- Statistical infrequency

- Impaired social functioning

What Defines Abnormality?

What Defines Abnormality?

Personal distress to the individual

What Defines Abnormality?

Deviance from cultural norms

What Defines Abnormality?

Statistical infrequency

What Defines Abnormality?

Impaired social functioning

Harmful Dysfunction Theory

- Disorder a harmful dysfunction

- Harmful: value term based on social norms

- Dysfunction: failure of mental mechanism to perform a function naturally

- Concept combines value and scientific components

Harmful

In Harmful Dysfunction Theory, _______ is the value term based on social norms

Harmful Dysfunction Theory

Harmful: value term based on social norms

Harmful Dysfunction Theory

Dysfunction: failure of mental mechanism to perform a function naturally

Harmful Dysfunction Theory

Concept combines value and scientific components

Dysfunction

In Harmful Dysfunction Theory, _______ is the failure of mental mechanism to perform a function naturally

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

Who defines abnormality?

Abnormality according to DSM

Defines mental disorder as a clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, and behavior

Abnormality according to DSM

- Defines mental disorder as a clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, and behavior

- Indicates a dysfunction in mental functioning

- Expectable reactions to common stressors are not mental disorders

- Reflects a medical model of psychopathology

- Each disorder categorically listed and defined with a list of specific symptoms

- Culture and values of those defining disorders play influential role in the definitions produced

Abnormality according to DSM

Indicates a dysfunction in mental functioning

Abnormality according to DSM

Expectable reactions to common stressors are not mental disorders

Abnormality according to DSM

Reflects a medical model of psychopathology

Abnormality according to DSM

Each disorder categorically listed and defined with a list of specific symptoms

Abnormality according to DSM

Culture and values of those defining disorders play influential role in the definitions produced

- Importance for Professionals

- Importance for Clients

Why Is the Definition of Abnormality Important

Importance for Professionals

Presence or absence of a diagnostic label strongly impacts attention it receives from clinical psychologists

Importance for Clients

- No diagnosis in absence of label

- Label could:

(1) Lead to stereotyping of individuals

(2) Have an effect on outcome of legal issues

- Lead to stereotyping of individuals

- Have an effect on outcome of legal issues

In Importance for Clients in the Importance of the Definition of Abnormality, Label could:

Before the DSM

- Discussions of abnormal behavior appear in ancient Chinese, Hebrew, Egyptian, Greek, and Roman texts

- Hippocrates' theories of abnormality emphasized natural causes

- Mental asylums established in Europe and U.S. in the 19th century

- Helped to categorize disorders

- Evolution of common terminology

- Emil Kraepelin founding father of current diagnostic system

- Late 1800s and early 1900s

- Mid - 1900s veterans affairs developed own early categorization system

Chinese, Hebrew, Egyptian, Greek, and Roman

Before the DSM, there were discussions of abnormal behavior appear in ancient ______, _____, ____, _____ and ____ texts

Hippocrates

_________ theories of abnormality emphasized natural causes. It was a significant early step to current definitions

19th century

Mental asylums established in Europe and U.S. in the ____

Philippe Pinel

Before the DSM, in helping to categorize disorders, ________ proposed specific categories such as melancholia, mania, and dementia, among others

melancholia, mania, and dementia,

The following are some of the specific categories proposed by Philippe Pinel

Emil Kraepelin

The founding father of current diagnostic system

Before the DMS

Evolution of common terminology

Emil Kraepelin

He labeled specific categories, such as manic-depressive psychosis and dementia praecox

manic-depressive psychosis and dementia praecox

Some of the categories labeled by Emil Kraepelin

Before the DSM

In late 1800s and early 1900s, there was collection of statistical and census data primary purpose of diagnostic categories

Late 1800s and early 1900s

Collection of statistical and census data primary purpose of diagnostic categories

Before the DSM

- In Mid-1900s Veterans Affairs developed own early categorization system. To facilitate diagnosis and treatment of soldiers returning from World War II

- Had significant influence on creation of first DSM

Mid-1900s

Before the DSM, In ______ Veterans Affairs developed own early categorization system. To facilitate diagnosis and treatment of soldiers returning from World War II

- Had significant influence on creation of first DSM

Veterans Affairs

Before the DSM, In Mid-1900s _________ developed own early categorization system. To facilitate diagnosis and treatment of soldiers returning from World War II

- Had significant influence on creation of first DSM

DSM-Earlier Editions (I and II)

- DSM-I published by APA in 1952

- Revision published as DSM-II in 1968

- Both similar to each other

- Different from subsequent DSM editions

- Defined only three categories: (1) Psychoses, (2) Neuroses, and (3) Character disorders

- Definitions of disorders not scientifically or empirically based: Instead, they represented "the accumulated clinical wisdom of the small number of senior academic psychiatrists who staffed the DSM task forces"

DSM-Earlier Editions (I and II)

- Language reflected psychoanalytic approach to understanding people and their problems

- Vague descriptions of clinical conditions described in prose Specific symptoms or criteria not listed

- Very limited generalizability or utility for clinicians

1952

DSM I was published by APA in ___

1968

The revision of DSM I to DSM II was published in

DSM I and II

Both similar to each other

psychoses

neuroses

character disorders

The only three categories defined in DSM I and II

not scientifically or empirically based:

In earlier editions of DSM (I and II), disorders ___________________ Instead, they represented "the accumulated clinical wisdom of the small number of senior academic psychiatrists who staffed the DSM task forces"

accumulated clinical wisdom

In earlier editions of DSM (I and II), disorders not scientifically or empirically based: Instead, they represented "the _____________ of the small number of senior academic psychiatrists who staffed the DSM task forces"

DSM I and II

Language reflected psychoanalytic approach to understanding people and their problems

psychoanalytic

In DSM I and II, Language reflected ________ approach to understanding people and their problems

DSM I and II

Vague descriptions of clinical conditions described in prose

DSM I and II

Specific symptoms or criteria not listed

DSM I and II

Very limited generalizability or utility for clinicians