MANA EXAM2

👥 GROUPS & TEAMS

Group

Individuals who interact but focus on individual goals and accountability

Team

Individuals with shared goals and mutual accountability

Synergy

When team performance is greater than individual efforts combined

Cohesion

Emotional bond and unity among team members

Norms

Expected behaviors within a group

Conformity

Following group behavior even if incorrect

Groupthink

Pressure to agree leading to poor decisions

Social loafing

Reduced effort when working in a group

Group polarization

Group discussion leads to more extreme decisions

Forming

Stage where members meet and get to know each other

Storming

Stage of conflict and disagreement

Norming

Stage where relationships and structure develop

Performing

Stage where team works effectively

Adjourning

Stage where team disbands

Punctuated equilibrium

Little progress then sudden productivity midway

😵 STRESS

Stressor

External demand causing stress

Stress

Body's response to a demand

Strain

Negative outcomes of stress (fatigue, burnout)

Eustress

Positive, motivating stress

Burnout

Emotional exhaustion and reduced performance

Cognitive appraisal

Stress depends on personal interpretation

Person-environment fit

Stress from mismatch between ability and job

Homeostatic approach

Stress from body imbalance

Psychoanalytic approach

Stress from self-image conflict

Sympathetic system

Activates fight-or-flight

Parasympathetic system

Returns body to calm

💬 COMMUNICATION

Communication

Process of transferring meaning

Affirming

Showing attention (e.g., "I see")

Paraphrasing

Restating message

Clarifying

Asking questions for understanding

Reflecting feelings

Identifying emotions

Dominant defensiveness

Aggressive communication

Subordinate defensiveness

Passive communication

Assertiveness

Balanced, respectful communication

DESC Describe

State behavior

DESC Express

Share feelings

DESC Specify

Request change

DESC Consequences

Explain outcomes

Proxemics

Use of space

Kinesics

Body language

Facial/Eye behavior

Expressions and eye contact

Paralanguage

Tone and pitch

🧪 LEARNING

Classical conditioning

Learning through association

Operant conditioning

Learning through consequences

Positive reinforcement

Adding reward to increase behavior

Negative reinforcement

Removing negative to increase behavior

Punishment

Decreasing behavior

Social learning

Learning by observing others

Self-efficacy

Belief in ability to perform task

Clever Hans effect

Behavior influenced by hidden cues

🧠 DECISION-MAKING

Decision-making

Process of choosing a solution

Rational model

Logical decision with full information

Bounded rationality

"Good enough" decision due to limits

Intuition

Decision based on gut feeling

System 1

Fast, automatic thinking

System 2

Slow, analytical thinking

Risk aversion

Avoiding risk

Escalation of commitment

Continuing a failing decision

Group polarization

More extreme group decisions