Push and Pull factors of voluntary migration

What are the push factors? (4) (POLAND)

not enough jobs with very few opportunities - the unemployment rate in Poland has traditionally been high in recent years (approx. 20%) ✓

The average hourly wage in Poland was £4.35 so there was a low standard of living ✓

State benefits are very low compared to Scotland, who also have free healthcare ✓

Due to increased mechanization and privatization of farms, rural unemployment has risen. ✓

What are the pull factors? (6) (POLAND)

Higher wages of £9 per hour on average for over 23-year-olds ✓

and some people could earn up to five times more than they would back in Poland ✓

When Poland joined the EU in 2004, many moved for quality-of-life decisions, including amenities, services and bright lights such as entertainment facilities in large cities such as Glasgow. ✓

There is a well-established Polish community in Scotland, which makes transition into a new country easier as there was not a complicated visa process. ✓

Also there are many cheap flights between Scotland and Poland with airlines like Ryanair making it a simple and low-cost journey. ✓

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