AP psych mid-term review

Humanistic Perspective

Kumbaya, stresses free choice, these choices are driven by your psychological, emotional, and spiritual needs. Do whats best for you essentially.

psychoanalytical perspective

Our thoughts are controlled and repressed by our unconscious. However we can find these thoughts through dream analysis and word dissociation

biological perspective

behaviors and psychological pish-posh can all be explained biologically with genes, hormones, neurotransmitters, etc.

Evolutionary perspective

examines humans behavior through natural selection, the better ones should be bred through (though obviously not always the case)

Behavioral perspective

Examines human behavior in terms of conditioning as well as how we react to certain stimuli we are presented with.

Cognitive perspective

examine our behavior through how we process/interpret enviormental events

sociocultural perspective

How does culture effect us and our behavior? This varies between culture

Biopsychosocial perspective

A combo of the other perspectives, covers all the bases. people from this perspective believe that psychologists who believe only one perspective are "reductionistic"

Random assignment

decide which group you will be in at random (experimental or control) This helps your experiment stay legitimate

Naturalistic observation

A type of way to conduct a experiment, instead of a controlled lab/area, you observe your subject in their normal life and take notes. much cheaper

Experimental research

preferred by psychologists over Naturalistic obs, this is conducted in a controlled environment usually a lab. much more costly.

Independent variable

What is changed in order to conduct the experiment and yield results

dependent variable

What changes based on the ind Variable and what we measure

Mean

an average of all the scores

mode

Which score appears the most?

median

the central score

Median, mean, and mode attempt to make a Central Tendency, whats that?

It attempt to create a center of distrubution

standard deviation

the regular measure from which points are from the mean

Positive skew

Outliers in a group of scores that are high

Negative skew

Outliers in a group of scores that are low

Groupthink

the need to think/agree as a group in order to preserve the harmony

group polarization

a radical change in your thoughts in behavior in order to match them to your groups beliefs. This could make you do things you normally wouldnt.

Social Loafing

When you're in a group you will do less work since there are multiple hands doing one job.

Cognitive dissonance

A inner tension that occurs when you actions don't match your thoughts or beliefs

Mere-exposure effect

The more you see something the more you'll subconsciously like it/ be more likely to pick it

Stanley Milgram experiment, what did it measure? what was it?

Shock test that tested peoples obedience, how willing were they to do something morally wrong to someone in order to satisfy a "higher up"

Central route of persuasion

persuasion through facts and notes

Peripheral route of persuasion

Persuasion through fun colors, notable actors, how something looks.

Social faciliation

If you know how to do a task, if its in front of an audience you will perform better.

Social impairment

If you don't know how to do a task, if its in front of an audience you will perform worse.

Zimbardo prison study, what was it? what did it study?

Tested individualization by putting people in the role of prisoner or guard and having the role play as their role. Experiment had to be cut short due to ethical concerns.

Atribution

assigning causes to a certain behavior

Prosocial behavior

feeling more interventional-- you'd be willing to help resolve something

Bystander effect

The more bystanders there are watching something happen the less likely you will help the person in need goes hand in hand with "diffusion of responsiblity"

Scapegoat theory

People in a group will often pin blame on a smaller more vunlerable group

Discrimination

The next step from prejudice, committing a violent action against whoever

Parts of a neuron

Synapse, dendrites, soma, axon, myelin sheath, terminal buttons,

synapse

space between neurons

dendrites

rootlike parts of the neuron that streches from the neuron to make synaptic connections

soma

contains the parts that keep the cell alive

Axon

wire like structure that messages travel down ends in terminal buttons

myelin sheath

fatty covering the axon that speeds up neaural impulses

terminal buttons

contains the neaurotransmitters

Dopamine what happens when its high and low?

Involved in motor movements and alertness

lack- parkinsons to much-schizophrenia

Serotonin to much and to low?

Mood control

lack-clinical depression

Endorphins to much to low?

pain control

its commonly involved in addictions

GABA to much to low

important inhibitory neurotransmitters

lack- sleep probblems to much-seizures

Glutamate to much to little

excitatory neurotransmitters

involved in headaches seizures

Norepinephrine

involved in alertness arousal and depresion

how does stimulants effect the brain

Arouse the autonomic nervous system

how does depresseants effect the brain

slow down autonomic nervous system

how does hallucinogenics effect the brain

caus sensory distortions

how does opiates effect the brain

relieve pain, elevate your mood

prototypes

a mental image or best example of a category in your head

assimilation

creating your schemata and prototypes based on stimulus and info

accomodation

recreating your prototype based on new and different stimulus that goes against your current prototype

Function of right hemishpere of the brain

gets sensory messages and controls the left motor functions of the left side of the body. it also seems to be active during creative tasks

function of the left hemisphere

gets sensory images and controls motor functiobs of the right side of the body. it also seems to be more active during logical tasks

Spinal Reflex

an automatic action that your spine will do if prompted

Limbic System

used in emotion and memory

Hindbrain

the top part of the spinal cord; includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum. it is our life support system and controls basic biological functions

Medulla

controls blood pressure, breathing, heart rate, located above spinal cord

Pons

located above the medulla it connects the 3 parts of the brain

Cerrebellum

mini brain under the brain that cordinates some habitual muscle movements

Midbrain

right above spinal cord, very small, cordinates simple movements with sensory inputs

Forebrain

largest part of the brain, our thoughts and reasons, important

Thalamus

top of the brain stem, receives sensory signals coming up the spinal cord anf sending them to different areas in the forebrain

hypothalamus

small structure to the right of the thalamus, it controls metabollic function

Amygdala

at the end of the hippocampus, it controls emotions

hippocampus

the hippocampus is responsible for memory

reticular formation

netlike connections of cells. it controls general body arousal and attention focus

Cerebral Cortex

gray and wrinkled sheet packed with neurons the arent connected well at the start but as we learn the connect and develope

Frontal lobe

located behind the eyes, it plays a critical role in directing thoughts. it helps as a central executive, predicts consequences, persueing goals, mantaining emotional control.

Broca

muscles involved in speech

motor cortex

Thin vertical strip controls voluntary movement

Parietal lobe

behind the frontal lobe it processes sensations

Occipital lobe

back of brain interprets data from retinas

Temporal lobe

processes sound as waves turned into neural impulses

Wernicks area

interperets spoken speech and sound

endocrine system

system of glands that secrete hormones that effect biological systems, its controlled by the hypothalamus

Adrenal glanda

controls adrenaline to help fight or flightand involuntary responses

Ovaries + testes

produces sex hormones, estrogen for woman testosterone for men

Chromosome 21

Chromosome associated with Down syndrome.

Temperament

a persons natural personality

imprinting

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life critical period to random people or things

critical period of speech

birth to 5

Central nervous system

consists of the brain and spinal cord all the nerves were encased in bone it transmits info to info from the body to brain

Peripheral nervous system

All other nerves in your body divided into 2 categories

somatic nervous system

Controls voluntary muscle movement, allows us to move

autonomic nervous system

controls automatic (bodily) functions controls stress response divided into 2

sympathetic nervous system

mobilizes body to respond to stress carries messages to control system of organs, accelerates them.

parasympathetic nervous system

carries messages to stress response system that makes the body slow down after stress, its a brake pedal, if it kicks in too much you will die.

Eriksons stages of developement

Eriksons 8 stages talk about how children progress through the world and if it goes well they will progress to the next one if not they'll become fixated

Erikson's stages of psychosocial development

1. trust vs. mistrust
2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt
3. initiative vs. guilt
4. industry vs. inferiority
5. identity vs. role confusion
6. intimacy vs. isolation
7. generativity vs. stagnation
8. integrity vs. despair

Piaget theory and stages

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

piagets stages and explanation

how babies develope cognitvaly and explore the world

conservation

shape doesn't change even ig object does

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Egocentrism

only thinking about yourself

recognition of self

the ability to understand oneself as an invidivual