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Heinz Guderian
Developed Blitzkrieg or “lightning war” in his book Achtung Panzer
Idea was to use tanks in huge, fast groups to break through the trenches, drive to depth, and encircle enemy forces
Blitzkrieg*
Way to encircle and defeat an enemy army
Germans think they have revolutionized war, but they haven’t because it had worked before (Napoleon, the Romans, Hannibal)
What Germans had invented was a faster win to win a battle
Douhet
Created a book called “Command of the Air”
Command of the Air
Introduction of Douhet’s ideas of strategic bombing
Strategic Bombing
Bombing the enemy’s economy and ability to wage war
If this worked, the enemy army would be starving, without supply, and useless
You wouldn’t really need much of an army to defeat them
Area Bombing Directive
Since previous bombers were wildly inaccurate with their bombing skills, they just decided to bomb the cities and their civilians
Maginot Line
Quickly disposing of Poland, Hitler now turned west to France
The French expected a German attack
In defense, the French constructed a line of fortifications guarding the French/German border
Ardennes
French protected rugged forest that they were sure the Germans would not pass through
And indeed the German original plan called for them to attack right straight into Belgium as the French expected
Gamelin
French military commander who made a critical error
Instead of sticking with the plan France had in place for decades, he decided to move forward into Belgium, leaving the French to fight a battle or maneuver it was not prepared for
Manstein
German commander who was backed by Hitler himself
Opted for a plan to launch a surprise attack through the Ardennes
Stalin
Held power as as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922-1952) and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1941-1953)
Consolidated power to become a dictator by the 1930s
Operation Barbarossa*
German plan to invade Russia, biggest military operation ever in history
3 million Germans are ready to attack with one thrust aimed toward St Petersburg, another towards Moscow, and another towards Stalingrad
But Russia is a huge country and has space to use against the Germans (Russians can produce in a month what Germany produces in a year)
Invasion made little military sense
Einsatzgruppen
Tasked with the enslavement or slaughter of the Russian population to replace it with the German population
The Holocaust*
Einsatzgruppen are the leading edge of the Holocaust
German effort began at the Wannsee Conference of 1942
Efforts to wipe out the Jews and Slavs of Europe
Killed 6 million Jews
Wannsee Conference (should be part of the Holocaust answer if given as a short answer question)
Meeting of senior government officials of Nazi Germany and Schutzstaffel leaders
Nazi conference held in Wannsee, Berlin on Jan. 20, 1942, which decided to carry out the “Final Solution”
Sophie Scholl
German teenage girl who chose not to ignore the Holocaust based on her religion
One of the brave few to do so, killed from her beliefs
Pearl Harbor
United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan on December 7, 1941
Japanese plan was to strike hard here then erect a series of defenses around their home islands
Knew that we were stronger than them, but hoped and believed that we wouldn’t have the guts to face the difficult war that lay ahead
D-Day (Normandy)
June 6, 1944
Allies launched an invasion in Normandy of the European mainland during World War II
However, did not win WWII
Manhattan Project*
Secret U.S. project led by Robert Oppenheimer to develop the atomic bomb
Real gamble
Truman makes the decisions to drop bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Bombing was so powerful here that it burned the shadows of people who were incinerated onto the pavement and nearby buildings
Bi Polar World
World is ruled by 2 powerful countries
Only two countries that matter
The United States and the Soviet Union
Different parts of power are distributed all across the world
Monolithic Nature of Communism
Belief that all communists in the world are working together on the same team to overthrow us
Very oversimplified and dangerous way to look at the world
Containment*
Opposite of appeasement
American policy of resisting the further expansion of communism around the world
Best represented in the Truman Doctrine dealing with Greece and Turkey in 1946
Truman Doctrine*
Principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or Communist insurrection
“The United States will defend any free nation from attack from without and revolution from within”
America takes Britain’s place as the “policeman of the world”
Greece and Turkey
First countries to receive help through the Truman Doctrine
Joined NATO to guarantee their stability
Domino Theory
Idea that says if we don’t contain, even in a place like Vietnam, it will set off a chain reaction of countries falling to communism that will end with our own fall
1949 (China and Russia)
Soviets detonate their own atom bomb, falling ahead of schedule
China falls to communism, which means Containment has failed dramatically
All of this forces us to rethink our Cold War strategy
Korean War
Starts in 1950
North Korean invasion of the south that catches us by surprise and almost defeats us
Led by Macarthur, we are able to push the North Koreans back
But then China returns with 500,000 men
Limited War*
Truman is left with a horrible decision; in order to win Korea, the US would have to fight China and the Soviet Union; could lead to the destruction of the planet
We have to fight Korea to defend containment, but if we “fight to win,” we might lose the war; neither China/Soviets want to destroy the world, but we don’t want to lose Korea either
So both fight in a limited fashion, never throwing our full weight into the campaign
MacArthur
An American general who commanded the Southwest Pacific in WWII (1939-1945)
Oversaw the successful Allied occupation of postwar Japan and led United Nations forces in the Korean War
Truman
33rd president, after FDR’s death
Led the U.S. through the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War
Put an end to WWII in the Pacific by dropping an atomic bomb on Japan
Eisenhower
34th president, did not like the idea of wars you would either lose or end in a tie
Developed Massive Retaliation
If Russia got out of line at all, we would nuke Moscow
Massive Retaliation
A strategy of military counterattack that involves the use of nuclear weapons
Threatening to use massive force in response to aggression
Sputnik
1957
Launch of the first satellite by the Soviets
Inaugurates the Space Race, but also indicated that the Soviets had Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles, which could get to atom bombs in the US in 20 minutes
Kennedy
Youngest US president in 1962, democrat
Nikita Khruschev tested Kennedy and pushed him around
Cuban Missile Crisis*
1962, the Soviet Union began to secretly install missiles in Cuba to launch attacks on US cities
The confrontation that followed brought the two superpowers to the brink of war before an agreement was reached to withdraw the missiles
McNamara
Kennedy’s Secretary of Defense; created Graduated Escalation
Graduated Escalation
Slow ramping up of pressure to send a message to the Soviets
Based on the Rational Actor Paradigm of geopolitics; took the form of a naval blockade in Cuba
Vietnam-era draft*
Becomes the controversial social flashpoint of the war
Boomer generation, the biggest in history, is now threatened with death
3 million serve in Vietnam, but 15 million avoid service
Westmoreland
US commander in Vietnam
The French warned him that the communist and their method of war were both tough
He was determined we could get away with the same kind of war - because we are Americans, and Americans don’t lose
Airmobility
Used choppers to land troops almost anywhere to lock the enemy into battle
Battle of the Ia Drang Valley*
The first and most critical battle of the Vietnam War
Communists attacked the American base at Plei Me and then ran away; perfect chance for Westmoreland to use airmobility to catch them
Three day long battle, enemy chooses when to fight and when to leave
America only fought to produce body count, not territory
Search and Destroy
A military strategy that became a large component of the Vietnam War
Involved inserting ground forces into hostile territory, search out the enemy, destroy them, and withdraw immediately afterward
Lyndon Johnson
President during the Vietnam War after JFK was killed
Personality impacted the events of Vietnam
Focus was on his Great Society program and he didn’t want a war that distracted from that
Had to fight in Vietnam, and was assured that it would be a quick and easy war; so he decided to fight it quietly and with little investment
Ironically, everything he did to keep it quiet made it more controversial
Tet Offensive*
Viet Cong’s largest attack of the war
Attacked nearly every major city in South Vietnam at the same time
Hoped the South Vietnamese people would join them in a revolution, but that didn’t happen
80,000 enemy soldiers attack with about 50,000 killed in Tet
War now grabbed citizens’ attention
Government and military kept telling people not to worry, that all was well, and that we were winning
However, being attacked from everywhere made the people think otherwise
Walter Cronkite
Most watched newsman in the country during the Vietnam War, trusted by all
Clark Clifford
Secretary of defense that replaced Robert McNamara
Undertook the first real study of the Vietnam War
Afterwards, he informed Johnson that there was no real way to win the war, and that the US should withdraw
Truman’s military desegregation*
Truman decided to sign an executive order in banning segregation in the Armed Forces in 1946
A huge step forward, especially given that these armed forces will soon be fighting in Korea
Plessy vs Ferguson
1896
A Supreme Court case in which “separate but equal” was upheld in public facilities such as schools
Brown vs Board of Education*
Oliver Brown of Kansas and 12 other black families sued to fight segregation in schools
On May 17, 1954, the Court declared that racial segregation in public schools violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, effectively overturning the 1896 Plessy v Ferguson decision
Massive Resistance
Policy declared by Senator Harry Byrd of Virginia
Citizens councils form throughout the south to coordinate white efforts to stall integration
VA, AL, GA, MS, NC, SC, and LA all declare law to be null and void
And begin to steer public funding to founding of white academies just in case
Harry Byrd
Senator of Virginia that advocated “massive resistance” to resist integration
Montgomery Bus Boycott*
Post Rosa Parks’ arrest, African American leaders demand a boycott of the busses and turn to a younger minister, MLK Jr., to lead them
African Americans stopped riding busses, opting to carpool or walk instead
Great economic pressure on the city
Lasted for over a year, soon the busses stopped gaining monetary value and decided to integrate its busses
Rosa Parks
A black woman who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery and spurred the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Martin Luther King Jr.
A minister who fought for justice through peaceful protest—and delivered some of the 20th century's most iconic speeches, "I Have a Dream"
In the mid-1950s, Dr. King led the movement to end segregation and counter prejudice in the United States through the means of peaceful protest
Little Rock (Central High)*
9 black girls try to enroll at white Central High and a white mob forces them to leave
Eisenhower sent out 10,000 National Guard and 1,000 paratroopers to stay there for the school year and make sure they can go to school safely
Orval Faubus
Rather than let 9 black girls go to Central High, Arkansas governor Orval Faubus shuts down all Little Rock schools for the remainder of the year
For this, he was re-elected with a landslide vote
Integrations still faced a steep uphill battle
North Carolina A&T
Four students, inspired by King and Montgomery, sat in at the Woolworth’s segregated lunch counter
Within four days, the groups had grown to more than 300 students
Sit ins spread throughout the south, and by July, Woolworths throughout the south voluntary integrated
Sit In
A form of protest in which demonstrators occupy a place, refusing to leave until their needs are met
James Meredith
First African-American student admitted to the racially segregated University of Mississippi after the intervention of the federal government
Battle of Oxford
Kennedy ordered 30,000 troops to protect James Meredith and let him be able to go to school
The fight lasted for 2 days; 2 were killed, 375 wounded
Federal troops remained on campus for the rest of the year.
Birmingham
Surge of violence against civil rights protestors led by the KKK
In 1963, so many KKK bombs were set off that it became known as Bombingham
Wallace
Governor of Alabama
Known for his staunch segregationist and populist views
16th Street Baptist Church
Site of the bombing by KKK members in September 1963 which killed four young African-American children on their way to choir and injured many more
March on Washington
Supporters of civil rights from across the nation gathered in Washington, D.C.
Gives us our most powerful moment perhaps of the whole movement, Dr. King’s “I Have A Dream” speech
Medgar Evers
Chief member of the Jackson NAACP who was gunned down in his driveway in June 1963 by De La Beckwith
Byron De La Beckwith
Assassinated the civil rights leader Medgar Evers on June 12, 1963
Was not prosecuted again until 1994 after bragging about the killings many more times, and found guilty
Theron Lynd
Circuit Clerk and Registrar of voters for Forrest County, MS
Gave only 1% of African-Americans living in Hattiesburg the ability to vote when 30% lived there
Civil Rights Act*
Outlaws segregation in all public spaces
President Lyndon Johnson makes it his mission as part of his Great Society to pass national legislation regarding Civil Rights
Told that this might be a political death sentence, but he does it anyhow
Passed in July 1964
Selma March
March 1965
Selma citizens tried to march to state capitol of Montgomery to register, but were assaulted and thrown back on the Edmond Pettus Bridge
20,000 sympathizers from all over the country come to join the march, which then succeeds
Voting Rights Act
Passed in August 1965
Outlaws discrimination in voting
Clyde Kennard
Tried to enroll to Southern Miss in 1956, 1958, and 1959 despite it still being segregated
Framed and went to jail at Parchman for 7 years, released when it was discovered that he was dying
Armstrong and Branch
Two black women who were the first African American students at USM
Vernon Dahmer
Local NAACP leader, pushed to get African Americans the right to vote
Killed in the firebombing of his home in January 1966
Last words in the hospital were: “I’ve been active in trying to get people to register to vote. People who don’t vote are deadbeats on the state. I figure a man needs to do his own thinking. What happened to us last night can happen to anyone, white or black. At one time, I didn’t think so, but I have changed my mind.”
Sam Bowers
Convicted of the murder of Vernon Dahmer and a leading white supremacist in Missisippi during the Civil Rights movement
In his case, there were four all white hung juries, not convicted until 1998
Black Panthers
Was founded in October 1966 in Oakland, California by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale
Revolutionary organization with an ideology of Black nationalism, socialism, and armed self-defense, particularly against police brutality
Baath Party
Formed to unite Arab lands under Socialism and against Israel/Western Imperialism
Nasser
Egyptian president
Nationalizes the Suez Canal
Even unites three of the Middle East’s countries into the United Arab Republic
Going to be an oil giant
Eisenhower Doctrine
1958
Stands up South Arabia as a counterbalance of Egypt
Middle eastern countries could request American economic assistance or aid from US military forces if they were being threatened by armed aggression
Wahhabism*
Advocates a purification of Islam
A conservative and intolerant form of Islam that is practiced in Saudi Arabia
Focuses on the literal interpretation of the Quran
Israeli Wars
Six Days War: Preemptive attack on Egypt, Syria, and Jordan
Mobility wins against Sword and Shield tactics
Yom Kippur War: Egypt and Syria attack Israel
Troubles, but technology comes to the rescue
See deep/strike deep*
The United States wanted to fight more like Israel, so if Israel could see the whole army (see deep) then they would strike the entire army (strike deep)
Powell Doctrine
Consisted of a series of questions identifying the conditions that should be met before committing U.S. military forces to battle
Only fight short, overwhelming wars
Avoid nation building
Make sure of public support
Rely on maneuver and speed to win
Preemption is an option
Total Force Policy
Ongoing effort by the service to transition its reserve component forces, both the army reserve and the National Guard, into an operational force
Afghan War
Iran falls to Islamic leadership in 1979
Russia invades Afghanistan in 1979
Seize major cities, but cannot control countryside
Mujahedeen
Calling for holy war (Jihad) locals rise up against Soviets
Armed and trained by the US
Cause great damage to Russian forces over eight years
Soviets pull out in 1989, government falls soon after
Jihad
Holy war
Al Qaeda
One of the Mujahedeen troops we arm and train
Led by Osama Bin Laden
Followers of Wahhabist Islam
Osama Bin Laden
Founder of the militant Islamist organization Al-Qaeda and mastermind of numerous terrorist attacks against the United States and other Western powers
Taliban
A brutal, fundamentalist religious group that held power over most of Afghanistan during the late 1990s
Sadaam Hussein
Iraqi leader
Invades Kuwait in 1990
Has an army of 900,000 with 4,500 tanks and bio weapons
Now controls 25% of the world’s oil
Wants to take Saudi Arabia to control 50% of the world’s oil
Kuwait
Country in the middle east whose invasion leads to the Persian Gulf War
Hussein invades and obtains 25% of the world's oil
Persian Gulf War*
1990-1991
War fought between a coalition led by the United States and Iraq to free Kuwait from Iraqi invaders
George HW Bush
President during the Gulf War
Decides on Operation Desert Storm
Our new super war meant to destroy the Soviets will be unleashed on Iraq
Carlos Maraghella*
Brazilian terrorist
Author of “Mini Manual of the Urban Guerrilla”
Writes that to do the job of a terrorist, you have to invoke a massive governmental response
Mini Manual of the Urban Guerrilla*
Book written by Brazilian guerrilla fighter Carlos Maraghella
The book that Al Qaeda read that lead to the fall of the World Trade Center
Terrorism
Acts of violence designed to promote a specific ideology or agenda by creating panic among an enemy population
World Trade Center
Once an icon for the global economy in New York
Became a target for terrorism in 1993 and most notably on September 11, 2001
Al-Qaeda was solely responsible for the 9/11 attacks
Operation Enduring Freedom
Began on October 7, 2001 (not even a full month after 9/11 attacks)
In response to the September 11 attacks, airstrikes targeting Al-Qaeda and the Taliban had begun in Afghanistan
George W. Bush
43rd president of the US who began a campaign against terrorism in 2001
Decided on Operation Iraqi Freedom