chapter 18 crash course

Why did people move to cities?

Mechanized farm equipment pushing off small workers and new technologies in cities

What contributed to factories near cities?

Steam and electrical power

What were examples of transportation centers becoming industrial cities?

Chicago meatpacking, Minneapolis flour, Cleveland oil

What led to the need for skyscrapers?

More population and higher property values

How were skyscrapers built and what were two examples?

Steel frames & elevators; built the Wainwright building in St. Louis and Chicago’s Masonic Temple

How did electric trolleys contribute to horizontal expansion?

Created middle class suburbs where people could commute to the central city for entertainment/work — began process of segregating neighborhoods

Who were the new immigrants and why did they immigrate?

Mainly Italy, Poland, Russia, Greece — Italy disease, poverty, unemployment, Russia & Poland fleeing progroms (Jewish pillaging)

Where did new immigrants move to and what were the conditions like?

Mainly northeast and midwest — lived in tenements with 12—hour days and dangerous jobs. Created “little italys” and “little hungarys”

How did immigrants participate in politics?

Typically didn’t understand — gave their votes to bosess in exchange for resources and services

What was the “Tweed Ring”?

Corrupt political scheme with politicians stealing from public treasury to manipulate votes — exposed by Thomas Nast

What was the nativist response to immigrants?

Creation of American Protective Association to restrict immigration, the Restriction League w/ literacy test in 1896, vetoed by Cleveland

What was Jacob Riis’s How the Other Half Lives?

Took pictures of immigrant families crammed into tenement buildings, which led to improvements in sewers, garbage, plumbing, etc.

What was Jane Addams’s settlement house movement?

Created the Hull House to teach immigrant women how to live in the real world - practical courses, middle class women to break out of their cult of domesticity

What was Rauschenbusch’s Social Gospel movement?

Thought that American churches had a moral responsibility to help the poor and fix social problems — make Earth heaven instead of trying to get to heaven

What is the difference between Rauschenbusch’s Social Gospel and Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth?

Rauschenbusch: church should fix societal problems // Carnegie: Rich people should donate for public good

Who participated in pop culture in the Gilded Age?

Mainly middle class managers & professionals who had disposable income and leisure time

What were the first department stores?

Macy in NYC, Wanamaker in Philadelphia, Field in Chicago - provided wide range of consumer goods with new shopping experiences (salespeople, restaurants/tea)

What were new sports?

Baseball w/ red stockings/natinoal league, football in colleges and unis (Princeton, Rutgers)

How did Pulitzer transform newspapers?

Used headlines, comic strips, and gossip to attract more attention - helped w/ typewriters, telephones

How did ads grow in newspapers?

Department stores liked to use ads — newspapers gained lots of revenue

What art style emerged after romanticism and what was one example?

Realism — Ashcan Artists portraying the unruly life of NYC