Study Guide Flashcards

Ethnicity is what two thing?

• Self-reported

• Socially constructed

Define ethnicity

Based on in-group similarities and between-group differences

Define ethnic groups

Share beliefs, values, habits, customs, and norms that define them

What are the 5 racial classifications of Brazil

• 500 Racial Labels

• Describes physical variation

• Environment influences races

• Siblings can have different races

• Socioeconomic status

What is colonialism?

The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones

“White” is not what 3 things?

• Static

• Monolithic

• Good descriptor

Two points about “whiteness”

• Irish/Italian were not considered American or White

• Skin color is not representative of ethnicity

What is ethnogenesis

“New” indentities in changing circumstances

What was the Rwandan genocide?

800k Tutsis killed in 100 days

Rwandan Genocide: Importance of the 19th century

Twa, Hutu, Tutsi all living together with different agricultural ways

Rwandan Genocide: Importance of the 1890s

Germany claims Rwanda and Burundi

Rwandan Genocide: Importance of the 1923

Belgium continues to favor the Tutsi

Rwandan Genocide: Importance of the 1930s

ID cards required

Rwandan Genocide: Importance of the 1956

Hutu “uprising”

Rwandan Genocide: Importance of the 1962

Rwandan Independence

What subsistence did the Tutsi practice?

Pastoralism

What subsistence did the Hutu practice?

Agriculturalists

Define nationalism

Identification with one’s own nation and support for it’s interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of interests of other nations

Define nation state

A sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent

What are the 4 distinctions in sexual dimorphism?

• Height

• Weight

• Facial Characteristics

• Hip/Waist Ratio

Sex is an emic/etic spectrum?

Etic

Gender is an emic/etic spectrum?

Emic

Define sex

Physical differences of observable biological characteristics

What are some physical differences between sexes? (5)

• Genetics

• Hormones

• Genitalia

• Gonads

• Reproductive Organs

Gender is what?

• Social/Cultural Construct

• How sexes are perceived and expected to behave

Define gender variance

Cultural categories for individuals that do not match a binary gender categorization

What are two examples of 3rd genders? Where are they from?

• Hijras (India)

• Nadleehe (Navajo)

Define intersex

Individuals who diverge from the male-female norm, they often exhibit sexual organs and functions somewhere between male and female

Define transgender

Someone who society assigns to one gender who does not perform as that gender but has that taken either permenent or temporary steps to identify as another gender

Define gender stereotypes

Oversimplified ideas of characteristics of males and females, learned through gender socialization

What is machismo

Exaggerated sense of masculinity and male pride often found in Latin American and Spanish cultures, emphasizing male dominance, physical strength, and emotional detachment

Define cultural construction of gender

Different cultures view and practice gender differently

Define gender roles

What men and women are expected to do, found in all cultures

Define gender stratification

The distribution, often unequal, of socially valuable rewards between genders/sexes

Define public/domestic dichotomy

Social and anthropological concept separating life into two spheres

Define private dichotomy

Female-dominated “domestic” work (home/rearing)

Define public dichotomy

Male-dominated “public” work (politics/work)

Define kinship

Cooperate in some way, cultures differ in defining relatives

Define descent

The permanent social unit whose members have ancestors in common

Define consanguineal kin

Family through genes/biology

Define affinal kin

Family through marriage

Define incest prohibition

Can’t marry/reproduce with family

Define a kinship diagram

ETIC way to simplify kinship systems

Define matrilineage, percentage of unilineal systems, culture who practices

• Everyone belongs to their mother’s lineage

• 15%

• Hopi

Define patrilineage, culture who practices

• Everyone belongs to their father’s lineage

• Nuer (Sudan)

Define cross counsin

Your mother’s brother’s children

Define parallel cousin

Your mother’s sister’s children

Define a clan

Claim to be related to a common ancestor but unable to trace it genealogically

Define a lineage

System that tells you who is a relative, can be traced to a common ancestor

Define unilineal kinship

Traces ancestors through only male OR female parentage

Define bilateral kinship

Traces ancestors through male AND female parentage

Define kindred

Bilateral relatives that may be called upon for some purpose, ego centered in emic terms

Define family

Social/Economic unit, reciprocal rights and obligations, learning environment for children

Define Nuclear family

Parent(s) + children

Define natal family

Ego’s parents and siblings

Define family of procreation

Your partner and your children

Define household

A group of individuals who live together in a residential unit that share socioeconomic needs association with production and consumption

Define extended family households

Allows for the pooling of resources and strengthens kin ties

What are the marital rights? (5)

1) Establish a legal parent or spouse’s children

2) Give either or both spouses monopoly in sexuality of other

3) Give either or both spouses rights over other’s property

4) Establish a joint property for benefit of children

5) Establish a social bond between spouses and their relatives

Define monogamy

Marriage to one spouse at a time

Define polygamy

General term for plural marriage

Define polygyny

Several wives, one husband

Define polyandry

Several husbands, one wife

Define fraternal polyandry

Family picks a woman for the older brother, the younger brothers can join the marriage or not

Define neolocality

5% of societies: couple establishes new home separate from either parents

Define matrilocality

15% of societies: married couple moves to kin of bride

Define Patrilocality

67% of societies: married couple moves to kin of husband

Define bride service

Groom works for bride’s family for a few months to a year before or after the marriage begins

Define bridewealth

Gift of money/goods from groom or his kin to bride’s kin

Define dowry

Transfer of goods from bride’s family to the bride, groom, or couple

What are the four adaptive strategies?

• Subsistence Agriculture (Horticulture)

• Pastoralism

• Intensive Agriculture

• Industrial Agriculture

Define foraging

Searching for edible plant and animal foods without domesticating them

Define subsistence agriculture (horticulture)

The cultivation of gardens or small fields to meet the basic needs of a household

Define pastoralism

The practice of animal husbandry

Define ethnoscience

The study of how people classify things in the world, usually by considering some range or set of meanings