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decimal

A base-10 number system that uses ten distinct symbols 0-9 to represent numbers.

binary

A way of representing information using only two options.

bit

A contraction of "Binary Digit"; the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or 1

byte

The standard fundamental unit (or "chunk size") underlying most computing systems today. One equals eight bits.

overflow error

Error from attempting to represent a number that is too large.

round-off error

Error from attempting to represent a number that is too precise. The value is rounded.

RGB

The color model that uses varying intensities of red, green, and blue light added together to produce a broad array of colors.

protocol

A set of rules governing the exchange or transmission of data between devices.

ASCII

The universally recognized raw text format that any computer can understand.

abstraction

A simplified representation of something more complex. It allow you to hide details to help you manage complexity, focus on relevant concepts, and reason about problems at a higher level.

image

A type of data used for graphics or pictures.

pixel

Short for "picture element" it is the fundamental unit of a digital image, typically a tiny square or dot which contains a single point of color of a larger image.

analog data

Data with values that change continuously, or smoothly, over time. Some examples of include music, colors of a painting, or position of a sprinter during a race.

digital data

Data that changes discretely (individually separate or distinct) through a finite set of possible values.

sampling

A process for creating a digital representation of analog data by measuring the analog data at regular intervals called samples.

lossless compression

A data compression algorithm that allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed data. Used for text compression and .gif images.

copyright

The exclusive legal right given to a creator to print, publish, perform, film, or record literary, artistic, or musical material, and to authorize others to do the same.

Creative Commons

A collection of public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work, used when an author wants to give people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that they have created.

open access

Online research output that is free of any and all restrictions on access and free of many restrictions on use, such as copyright or license restrictions.

open source

Computer programs that are made freely available and may be redistributed and modified.

lossy compression

A compression method in which some of the information is lost or thrown away. This process is not reversible.

path

The series of connections between computing devices on a network starting with a sender and ending with a receiver.

bandwidth

The maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time, usually measured in bits per second.

IP Address

The unique number assigned to each device on the Internet.

Internet

A computer network consisting of interconnected networks that use standardized, open (nonproprietary) communication protocols.

router

A type of computer that forwards data across a network.

redundancy

The inclusion of extra components so that a system can continue to work even if individual components fail, for example by having more than one path between any two connected devices in a network.

fault tolerant

Can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures. This is important because elements of complex systems like a computer network fail at unexpected times, often in groups.

packet

A chunk of data sent over a network. Larger messages are divided into packets that may arrive at the destination in order, out-of-order, or not at all.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

A protocol for sending packets that does error-checking to ensure all packets are received and properly ordered.

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

A protocol for sending packets quickly with minimal error-checking and no resending of dropped packets.

scalability

The capacity for the system to change in size and scale to meet new demands.

Domain Name System (DNS)

The system responsible for translating domain names like example.com into IP addresses.

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

The protocol used for transmitting web pages over the Internet.

World Wide Web

A system of linked pages, programs, and files.

digital divide

The differing access to computing devices and the Internet, based on socioeconomic, geographic, or demographic characteristics.

user interface

The inputs and outputs that allow a user to interact with a piece of software.

input

Data that are sent to a computer for processing by a program.

output

Any data that are sent from a program to a device.

program statement

A command or instruction. Sometimes also referred to as "code."

program

A collection of program statements.

sequential programming

A description of how program statements run in order, from top to bottom.

event

An action that occurs when a program is running and supplies input into the program.

comment

A form of program documentation written into the program to be read by people and which do not affect how a program runs

pair programming

A collaborative programming style in which two programmers switch between the roles of writing code and tracking progress.

bug

An error or deficiency in a computer program.

debugging

Finding and fixing problems in an algorithm or program.

algorithm

A set of steps used to solve a problem

incremental development

A software development approach that breaks the process of developing an application into smaller parts. The system may include choosing a topic, designing the user interface, and adding functionality.

iterative development

A software development approach that uses a system to repeatedly refine your work. The system may include planning, designing, implementing, and testing steps.

bias

A tendency to believe that some things, people, ideas, etc., are better than others that may result in treating some people unfairly.

variable

A named memory reference to a value that can be used repeatedly throughout a program.

string

An ordered sequence of characters - letters, numbers, symbols, spaces.

assignment operator

Represented by a single equal sign (=). Allows a program to change the value represented by the variable its left side.

concatenate

The process of joining two strings together using the + operator.

Boolean value

true or false value

selection (conditional) statement

Affects the sequential flow of control by executing different statements based on the value of a Boolean expression.

logical operator

Symbols that evaluate to a Boolean value:

NOT, AND, OR

procedure

A named group of programming commands.

procedure call

A command that executes code within a procedure

global variable

A variable that can be used anywhere in your code. Create them outside events and other procedures.

list

An ordered collection of data elements stored and accessed in a program.

element

An individual value in a list that is assigned a unique index.

index

A common method for referencing the elements in a list or string using sequential numbers.

append

Add elements to the end of a list.

iterating

Repeating a portion of an algorithm a specified number of times or until a given condition is met.

infinite loop

Occurs when the ending condition of a loop will never evaluate to true

simulation

Imitation of a real world situation that allow us to test solutions or run experiments in a way that is usually cheaper, safer, and often times faster.

traversal

The process of accessing each item in a list or string one element at a time.

substring

Part of an existing string.

efficiency

A measure of how many steps are needed to complete an algorithm.

linear search

A search algorithm which checks each element of a list, in order, until the desired value is found or all elements in the list have been checked.

binary search

A search algorithm that starts at the middle of a sorted set of numbers and removes half of the data; this process repeats until the desired value is found or all elements have been eliminated.

reasonable time

Algorithms with a polynomial efficiency or lower (constant, linear, square, cube, etc.) are said to run in a reasonable amount of time.

unreasonable time

Algorithms with exponential or factorial efficiencies are examples of algorithms that run in an unreasonable amount of time.

heuristic

Provides a "good enough" solution to a problem when an actual solution is impractical or impossible.

optimization problem

A problem with the goal of finding the "best" solution among many (Ex, What is the shortest path from A to B?)

undecidable problem

A problem for which no algorithm can be constructed that is always capable of providing a correct yes-or-no answer.

sequential computing

A model in which programs run in order, one command at a time.

parallel computing

A model in which programs are broken into small pieces, some of which are run simultaneously.

distributed computing

A model in which programs are run by multiple devices.

speedup

The time used to complete a task sequentially divided by the time to complete a task in parallel.

metadata

data about data

cleaning data

The process that makes data uniform without changing its meaning (e.g., replacing all equivalent abbreviations, spellings, and capitalizations with the same word).

data filtering

Choosing a smaller subset of a data set to use for analysis, for example by eliminating / keeping only certain rows in a table.

citizen science

Scientific research conducted in whole or part by distributed individuals, many of whom may not be scientists, who contribute relevant data to research using their own computing devices.

crowdsourcing

The practice of obtaining input or information from a large number of people via the Internet.

machine learning

How computers recognize patterns and make decisions without being explicitly programmed.

data bias

Data that does not accurately reflect the full population or phenomenon being studied.

computing innovation

Includes a program as an integral part of its function. Can be physical (e.g. self-driving car), non-physical computing software (e.g. picture editing software), or non-physical computing concepts (e.g., e-commerce).

data mining

The practice of analyzing large databases in order to find patterns and relationships to generate some new information. Data mining may be used to access a user's password by guessing based on publicly available information about the user.

decryption

The process that takes a secret message and reproduces the original plain text.

encryption

The process of encoding messages to keep them secret, so only "authorized" parties can read it.

keylogging

The use of a program to record every keystroke made by a computer user in order to gain fraudulent access to passwords and other confidential information.

malware

Software intended to damage a computing system or to take partial control over its operation.

multi-factor authentication

A system that requires at least two steps to unlock protected information; each step adds a new layer of security that must be broken to gain unauthorized access.

Personally Identifiable Information (PII)

Information about an individual that identifies, links, relates, or describes them.

phishing

A technique that attempts to trick a user into providing personal information. That personal information can then be used to access sensitive online resources, such as bank accounts and emails

public key encryption

Encryption method that pairs a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. The sender does not need the receiver's private key to encrypt a message, but the receiver's private key is required to decrypt the message.

rogue access point

A wireless access point that gives unauthorized access to secure networks.