Organic Synthesis AQA A-Level Chemistry

Aldehyde to Alcohol

Reduction (nucleophilic addition)
NaBH4
Primary Alcohol Formed

Amine to N-Substituted Amide

Nucleophilic Addition Elimination
Acyl Chloride

Halogenoalkane to Amine

Nucleophilic Substitution
Excess NH3
Warm
Ethanolic

Nitrile to Amine

Reduction
H2/Ni at 200C or LiAlH4 in ether

Carboxylic Acid to Aldehyde

Reduction
aqueous NaBH4

Carboxylic Acid to Ester

Esterification
Alcohol
conc. H2SO4

Acyl Chloride to Ester

Nucleophilic Addition Elimination
Alcohol
Room temperature

Acyl Chloride to Amide

Nucleophilic Addition Elimination
NH3

Alkene to Alcohol

Hydration
Conc H2SO4 at room temperature.....or
Steam
Dilute H2SO4 catalyst
Reflux
60-70 atm Pressure
300 Degrees Temperature

Alkane to Halogenoalkane

Free Radical Substitution
Halogen eg Cl2
UV Light

Ketone to Hydroxynitrile

Nucleophilic Addition
KCN then dilute HCl

Alcohol to Alkene

Elimination
H3PO4
Heat
or Al2O3 and heat

Alcohol to Ester

Esterification
Carboxylic Acid
Conc. H2SO4
Or
Acyl Chloride/Acid Anhydride

Halogenoalkane to Alkene

Elimination
Ethanolic KOH/NaOH
Heat under reflux

Halogenoalkane to Alcohol

Nucleophilic Substitution
Aqueous KOH/NaOH
Heat
Reflux

Ketone to Alcohol

Reduction (nucleophilic addition)
aqueous NaBH4
Secondary Alcohol

Halogenoalkane to Nitrile

Nucleophilic Substitution
Ethanolic KCN
Warm
Reflux

Aldehyde to Carboxylic Acid

Oxidation
Dilute H2SO4
K2CrO7
Reflux

Acyl Chloride to N-Substituted Amide

Nucleophilic Addition Elimination
Amine

Alkyl Hydrogensulfate to Alcohol

Hydrolysis
Warm
Dilute with water

Alkene to Alkane

Hydrogenation
H2
Ni catalyst
Heat 200C

Alkene to Halogenoalkane

Electrophilic Addition
Br2, or HBr
Room temperature

Alcohol to Ketone

Oxidation
H2SO4
K2Cr2O7
Secondary Alcohol

Alcohol to Aldehyde

Oxidation
Primary Alcohol
H2SO4
K2Cr2O7
Distillation

Alcohol to Carboxylic Acid

Oxidation
H2SO4
K2Cr2O7
Reflux

Alkene to Alkyl hydrogensulfate

Electrophilic Addition
Conc. H2SO4